This paper focuses on comparative analysis of fuzzy entropic economic order quantity model in presence of flexible ordering cost in finite planning horizon. The objective of this fuzzy model is to optimize the net profit so as to determine the entropic order quantity, the number of replenishment cycle and flexible ordering cost. After testing optimality and concavity of the net profit function it is compared with other different models through suitable numerical examples which show that an appropriate optimal fuzzy entropic paradigm may benefit the manufacturer. Hence, this paper shows a numerical example which elucidates the impact of entropy, flexible ordering cost and fuzzy. Finally, sensitivity analyses and ANOVA testing of the present model are presented to validate the effectiveness and sensitivity of the different parameters with respect to the fuzzy net profit of the proposed new fuzzy model. The proposed mathematical model has demonstrated how this fuzzy approach to decision making can achieve a global optimum and outperform the traditional models.

Youth empowerment is one of the major concerns of Nigerian government like any other developing countries all over the world. It is the reasons why it needs to encourage its youths to be engaged in entrepreneurial activities with the ultimate objective of becoming self-employed and self-reliant. Similarly in Nigeria, the government has introduced several policies aimed at eradicating poverty by encouraging self-employment among youths. One of such policies is the introduction of entrepreneurship education into the curriculum of higher education which is aimed at promoting and inculcating entrepreneurship amongst the students of higher learning. Hence, this study aims at investigating the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO), entrepreneurial education (EE) and entrepreneurial intention (EI) among undergraduate students at Nigerian Universities. A total of 74 valid questionnaires from the students were used and the study find out that, both EO and EE has direct positive relationship with EI. The study also has both theoretical and practical contributions. Finally, the study suggests direction for future research.

Strategic Management Concepts and models are widely being used by organizations to achieve a sustainable competitive edge in the industry. Applying the principles and theories on large corporations is common. In our research, we have selected a start-up restaurant of Saudi Arabia initiated by a group of enthusiastic young Saudis. Though the business is still at an early stage of development, we had analyzed the enterprise by applying different strategic management perspectives. The research discussed the business venture using SWOT analysis, value chain analysis, and external & internal scanning analysis. Future research directions are also given.

The article has established research framework on the impact of corporate culture on work motivation and loyalty, has focused detect weaknesses in corporate culture research from reality to impact , bottlenecks how to assess the status of corporate culture. Handled bottlenecks on the impact of corporate culture to employees by going into the analysis of corporate culture affects work motivation and loyalty to employees by Shien's model and Denison. This is an important prerequisite for building Corporate culture suitable for attracting the international integration.

This study has been set to explore marketing deception, (i.e. unethical marketing behavior), as it relates to advertisement element, from the consumer perspective. The study examines how far consumers realize and accept marketing deception. The study is based on a judgment sample of (899) respondents drawn from main shopping centers in the city of Irbid. The sample can also view as "Mall Intercept" sample. Respondents were taken from the age group of (18) year and above as these categories are considered mature enough.

Over the last five years (2010-2015) portfolio Multipurpose Credit Bank "PQR" continued to grow every year, but the growth over three years (2013-2015) tend to decrease. Multipurpose Loan of 2010-2012 on average grew by Rp. 584,557 million per year, but the growth of credit Multipurpose tended to decrease since 2013 with an average Rp. 350,722 million. The study aims to analyze the influence of promotions, location, and credit procedure in Multipurpose Loan to take credit in Bank"PQR". The number of samples is 100 respondents and the sampling technique is accidental sampling, with criteria already taking multipurpose loans. Data was analyzed with quantitative method that is multiple regression. The results showed that promotion, location, and credit procedures have significant and positif effect on customer’s decision to take the Multipurpose Loan. The strongest influence to the customers in the decision to take Multipurpose Loan is come from the location.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of working satisfaction and leadership style to productivity of PT Asuransi Umum Bumiputera Muda’s 1976 employee. The rationale for utilizing this variable was based on the previous study and literature review result. This study used simple random sampling method. The number of sampling formula in this study used Slovin formula, with 88 respondents. The data was analyzed with SPSS 20.0 for window software. Multiple linear regression was performed to investigate the effect of working satisfaction and leadership style to employee’s productivity. The results showed that there was a significant influence between working satisfaction and employee’s productivity, leadership style and employee’s productivity, and simultaneously there was a significant effect for both of variables to productivity of PT Asuransi Umum Bumiputera Muda’s 1976 employee.

Performance of women owned microenterprises is a function of many factors including, but not limited, size of capital, access to credit, demographic factors and also a number of business characteristics. However, the aim of this paper is to show how the performance of those microenterprises related to selected business and individual owners‟ characteristics in Tanzania. The paper relied on data collected from 400 women owners of microenterprises selected randomly from three major cities including 200 from Dar es Salaam, 100 from Mwanza and other 100 from Arusha. Business performance was measures using three indicators namely sales revenue, net profit and business net worth. Findings revealed that business net worth differed significantly across those three types of businesses. The findings revealed that sales of businesses operating in the city centres (in shops) and of those businesses operating around the industrial areas were significantly higher than those of businesses operating at home, in markets, on the road sides and of the mobile businesses. Also, it was revealed that microenterprises‟ owners with higher level of formal training performed better than those with little or without formal training. Furthermore, the findings showed that net profit and net worth of manufacturing enterprises were higher than for retain and service businesses. The study made the following recommendations. First, Local Government Authorities should designate spaces in towns where women owners of microenterprises can operate their business. Second, Regional Trade Offices should design short training programs that can equip women owners of microenterprises with simple but comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of their businesses.

This research investigates the sensitivity of female business owners/managers to ethical challenges and the effect on their success as female entrepreneurs in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The survey design was used with study population consisting of 1,678 female owners of registered small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) operating in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. From the population, random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample of 400 female entrepreneurs for the study. Data were obtained through the Multidimensional Ethical Questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that except in conflict of interest, relationship between moral equity, contractual obligation, and entrepreneurial success was positive and significant. Participants were found to be aware of what constituted ethical issues, and tended to act accordingly to minimize ethical challenges in the process of doing business. We recommended sensitization on the consequences of unethical business decisions to business and the larger society.

Financial performance of a company defines competitiveness, potentials of the business, and economic interests of the company‟s management and reliability of present or future contracts. It is important for management, shareholders, the public (customers of the bank), the regulator (the government), the financial sector, and the economy as a whole. It provides signal to depositors and investors whether to withdraw or invest funds. The present research has been undertaken to measure the financial performance of Jordan Steel since 2007. The results highlighted that the financial performance of Jordan Steel was satisfactory during initial years of the study but deteriorated in later years and hence requisite steps should be taken to improve its performance.

This study focuses on the efficiency of the school’s Financial Administrative Assistant in managing the school’s financial based on their level of knowledge and skills (including financial management, receipt management, management of cash book and petty cash, purchase management, and the preparation of the annual financial statements), as well as the level of accountability and attitude motivation in school financial management. It is a quantitative study sample which was comprised of 65 primary school Administrative Assistant in the South Kinta district. The data was collected by using questionnaire survey with 64 items divided into 4 parts, Part A (4 items - information and background of the respondents), Part B (40 items - the knowledge and skills), Part C (12 items - a level of accountability) and Part D (8 items - attitudes and motivation). Descriptive analysis (percentage and mean) was used to obtain information for each variable. The results showed that the level of Administrative Assistant efficiency is high. Level of knowledge and skills that show a mean of 3.55, a level of accountability that show a mean of the 3.59 and attitude and self-motivation showed an overall mean value of 3.49. Therefore, based on these findings the school's financial management practitioners such as Head Master, District Education Office Assistant, Education Department (NRD) and the Department of School Audit to take proactive measures that will be beneficial to all parties involved in the efforts to improve the schools’ financial management.

The aim of this paper is focused in measure the level of knowledge they have high school students about financial topics such as: spending and credit, savings and investment and money management. The participants were 368 students of different high schools in three municipalities of the State of Veracruz, México who were selected from of the stratified sample. The questionnaire is a scale that includes 31 items of multiple choices in the form of cases where there is only one correct answer of the total four options. The instrument showed acceptable Chronbach alpha reliability and internal consistency (> 0.7). The results lead us to think that there is a lack of knowledge about the usefulness of pensions, the issues related to insurance, the impact of inflation on salaries of people workers, even an interesting fact is that although it was known that there is a knowledge about the basic channels of saving, they denote lack of knowledge towards the investment instruments, especially those that by their nature are associated with the capital markets.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) lack adequate skills to manage and monitor their cash management practices leading to limited financial growth hence inability to compete while increasing their assets, opening more branches and growing their sales. This study sought to analyze effect of cash management practices (cash holding practices, use of technology and cash pooling practices) as well as analyze the combined effect of the cash management practices on financial performance of SMEs in Nyeri town, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design with target population being the registered SMEs in Nyeri town. Data was collected using a self-administered semistructured questionnaire from a sample population of 62 SMEs operating in Nyeri town and registered by the business registrar’s office in Nyeri County. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Results obtained indicated that cash holding practices and use of technology in cash management had a relevant effect on financial performance of SMEs in Nyeri. The study recommended that all stakeholders in business operations ranging from suppliers, customers, and financiers should embrace use of technology to facilitate electronic data interchange. Future research could focus on comparative study of large organizations to establish whether the same factors affecting SMEs financial performance also affect large businesses.

This paper examined the barriers/challenges facing the evaluation profession in Nigeria and the role of the Nigerian Association of Evaluators (NAE) towards improving the profession. The paper also draws lessons from other African countries on how to improve evaluation practice in Nigeria. The findings indicate that paucity of evaluation skill, partial implementation of national monitoring and evaluation systems, lack of monitoring and evaluation ownership, nonutilization of evaluation results and funding are the main barriers/challenges confronting evaluation conduct in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that the NAE should improve the technical capacity of evaluation practitioners in Nigeria; organize workshop for cross learning and experience sharing among practitioners; supporting monitoring and evaluation ownership and canvass for utilization of evaluation results. The paper finds from cross country analysis that institutionalizing the evaluation of public polices is a veritable step towards a National Evaluation Policy in Nigeria, which will promote good monitoring and evaluation practice in the country. Overall, we recommend that policy makers in Nigeria should aim to use evaluation in improving the effectiveness of public policies.

Every organization develops and maintains a unique culture, which influence the way employees think, feel and behave in the workplace. The competitive environment of business has changed not only in the business world but also in the mindset of the individuals that work in those organizations. Employees are ready to switch over whenever they are dissatisfied with any reason in the job. This paper therefore examined the nature of relationship that exists between organizational culture and employee retention with particular reference to three selected commercial banks in Awka, Anambra State. Descriptive survey research design was adopted and the research hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient. . The study worked with a population of 35 employees. The finding revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between innovative culture and the employee commitment in commercial banks. In conclusion, Idea generation, capability and risk taking are essential to high retention organization. It was recommended that banks needs to adapt their innovative strategies in order to meet the pressure set by competitors.

One of the main challenges facing economic researchers across the globe, especially empirical researchers in developing economies, is how to document their work. Indeed, numerous scholarly contributions are rejected by credible and refereed journals due to poor documentation. This paper examines the importance of good documentation of empirical research in Economics as well as how such documentation is done. Specifically, this paper shows that replication may be impossible if empirical research is not properly documented, and that well compiled data file, do-file, and technical annex are key ingredients of properly documented empirical research in Economics.

Urban infrastructure includes physical structures and facilities that are developed or services provided by the public or private institutions to enhance the efficient functioning of an urban centre. In Nigeria, urban infrastructure are largely financed, owned and managed by government at the various tiers through established public agencies. This research is aimed at critically examining the funding strategy of urban infrastructure provision in Nigeria. The objectives included to examine the current state of urban infrastructure in Nigeria, to review the funding policy of urban infrastructure provision in Nigeria and to assess the impact of the funding strategy on urban infrastructure provision. Data for this study were collected from mostly secondary source. The research concluded that the Nigerian government has been guilty of neglecting or under-funding infrastructure development due to either poor budgeting, estimation of acquisition, maintenance cost or sheer mismanagement of funds allocated for such projects. The paper recommended that funding of urban infrastructure provision and maintenance should be embodied in the national budget while monitoring of the executed projects should be performed by the statutory government agencies. This will ensure that the value for money spent is realized.

Net Promoter Score is a measure used successfully in the commercial fields. In this research we want to apply it on an academic field. Nowadays, there are three universities that are offering MBA program in Jeddah city or we can say in the Western region of Saudi Arabia, and UBT is one of them. In this research we want to measure the advocacy levels for UBT students and explore key interactions and their importance to students. This will show MBA students to what extend they promote this prog

Nowadays, entrepreneurship literature has become an important component for the development of productivity and economic growth. The entrepreneurial activity is one of the contributors to the country’s economic development. From that, this paper examines five entrepreneurship models with underlying empirical studies. These are; (1) Conceptual Framework of Business Success, (2) Model of the Entrepreneurship Process, (3) Conceptual Framework of Business Success in SMEs, (4) A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship, and (5) Input-Process-Output Model of Strategic Management. These models are useful and a thorough understanding of how an entrepreneur’s success is important, because this will lead to the development of new tools, such as (1) tools for business to improve their innovation and growth processes and, (2) tools for governments to develop new policies to support and direct economic growth.

This study investigated the relationship between the levels of accountability and integrity of school financial management and the factors that affect levels of accountability and integrity. Selected respondents were among the top and middle management leaders of national high schools. The schools selected were schools under Responsibility Centre status in one of a Malaysian districts which comprised of 97 respondents. The instrument used forthis study was questionnaire designed by the researchers based on observations and literature reviews. The reliability of the questionnaire was α = 0.96. The data were collected and analysed using mean score, Pearson Correlation and Sample ttest which were the main quantitative methods. The results showed very high levels of accountability and integrity among the schools’ financial managers in the district. The study revealed a significant relationship between the levels of accountability and integrity in accordance to few factors namely; knowledge in financial management, financial management of the individuality of the school and the school’s internal control. Finally, the results indicated that there was no significant difference in the levelsof accountability and integrity in managing schools’ financial sources based on genders. The findings of this study can be used by school principals and the Ministry of Education to improve the efficiency of schoolfinancial management, to increase the number of schools that received the Certificate of Excellence Audit and also can help the school managers to lay out the filling course or in-service training (INSET) in schools.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of: 1) Discipline working through the spirit of the work on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber indirectly. 2) The spirit of working through labor discipline on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber indirectly. 3) Discipline and morale work on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber, either partially or simultaneously. A population of 42 people and the sample is saturated sampling as many as 42 people. The analysis used is path analysis, multiple linear regressions, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing partial and simultaneous with the alpha (0.05). The results of path analysis showed a positive and significant impact work discipline variables via the morale on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either directly or indirectly. Morale through labor discipline and significant positive effect on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either directly or indirectly. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber affected by the work discipline and morale 0251 points at 0261 points. The results of the analysis of determination of 0264, that variable work discipline and morale can explain the work performance of employees of PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber is 26.4% while the remaining 73.6% is influenced by other variables. Work discipline and morale has a positive and significant impact on employee performance PT. Japfa Comfeed Tbk. Planting timber either partially or simultaneously.

The study provides a holistic view of how employees‟ career advancement can affect organizational effectiveness among selected deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objective is to determine the relationship between career advancement and organizational effectiveness in the Nigerian deposit money banks. Primary data was collected from a total of seven (7) banks from existing twenty one (21) licensed banks by Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) through structured questionnaire to elicit information on career development. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive statistics to determine the relationship between respondents socio-economic characteristics and organizational effectiveness while inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficients (PPMC) was employed to analyze the relationship between the variables of career advancement and organizational effectiveness respectively. Findings revealed that employee career advancement in the organization exert a great influence on the operations of deposit money banks in Nigeria, and as such banks management should invest in employees‟ development to stem employee turnover and improve productivity.

This paper investigates the Effect of Bioenergy and pollution on economy of Pakistan. Unit root and integration tests have been used to check unit root properties and long-run relationship for the times of 2001Q1 to 2015Q2. The relevant result shows there is a long run relationship exists between the pollution and bioenergy. In short run, there is no effect or low effect of bioenergy on economic growth of Pakistan which have to possess no contributions for economic development. The study further investigates to show that biomass as the basic source of renewable energy, cooperate Pakistan to gain durable improvement aim in the long run as well as in short run. On other hand, government needs to take a serious step to control the pollution level in Pakistan.

Since the past year budget deficit is corrected in the current year, this study seek to examine the lag effect of previous year‟s budget deficit on performance of the Nigeria economy in the contemporary year using VAR estimation between the periods 1981 to 2015. From the foregoing statistical output, findings established that Budget deficit significantly stimulate economic performance. The output of the granger causality test shows that budget deficit statistically granger cause economic performance and viz versa while the result of the multiple regression of the ordinary least square report a significant but negative relationship to economic performance. The negative response of budget deficit to economic performance could be attributed to moral hazard, mismanagement of fund and financial indiscipline which prevent the country from enjoying the sustainable level of expected growth overtime. The output of the VAR estimate established that the lag value of federal government budget deficit has contributed to performance of the economy in the current year although the contributive quadrant is not been felt to a reasonable extent. This empirical findings support the Keynesian postulation of significant relationship between budget deficit and economic performance. Prior to our findings, study recommends that Policy makers should ensure effective utilisation of borrowed fund and maintain a sporadic evaluation and supervision of such project in which borrowed fund are channelled into in order to achieve a profitable returns which will help in servicing of such debt and also stimulate economic performance.

These empirical research works is anchored on the three fundamental and theoretical arguments that emanated between the Keynesian school, the neoclassical school of thought and Ricardo hypothesis and their view on deficit financing with respect to its contribution to economic development. Despite the huge quantum of debt Nigerian government accommodate yearly, the expected level of development is not been attained as larger percentage of her citizens still lives in abject poverty, low standard of living and high level of unemployment and so on. At this junction, one begins to wonder why the theoretical suggestion dose not seems to be working in the Nigerian context. It is based on these hullabaloos that this study seeks to investigate the effect of deficit financing on development of the Nigerian economy between the periods 1981 to 2015 using error correction model and granger causality test. Study report that Federal government external debt exhibits a significant P-value of 0.0173 with a positive coefficient of 0.000031 suggesting that 1% increase in government external debt is capable of stimulating economic development in Nigeria to the tune of 0.00003. The report of the causality test also validate the report in the error correction model and thus suggest that external debt significantly contribute to the development of the Nigeria economy while domestic debt and deficit budget does not seems to granger cause economic development in Nigeria. On this premises, study conclude that deficit financing is a vital stimuli in promoting economic development in Nigeria if adequately channel for the original purpose for which it was meant for. Furthermore, study thus validates the Keynesian postulation of the existence of positive relationship between deficit financing and economic development. On this note, study recommend that managers of the Nigerian economy should coordinate the appropriation of borrowed fund and ensure that it is properly channelled towards improving the capital and production dominance of the nation as this will further help in achieving a sustainable level of economic development in Nigeria.