The quality and design of instructional materials are fundamental in shaping learners’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). This study aims to examine the quality of instructional materials on learners' motivation in MOOCs through the lens of the ARCS Model by John Keller, focusing on Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. By analysing learners’ perceptions and preferences, this research seeks to offer valuable insights into optimizing instructional materials to enhance motivation, engagement, and overall learning effectiveness. The study adopted a quantitative research method to assess the motivation levels of 42 MOOC learners using the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS). Results indicated that the participants exhibited positive motivation levels, suggesting that the instructional materials effectively captured their interest and supported their learning experiences. Furthermore, learners expressed overall satisfaction with the quality and presentation of the content provided in the MOOCs. Despite the positive feedback, participants also highlighted areas for enhancement, particularly the need for more interactive elements to sustain engagement. Additionally, some learners recommended greater flexibility in content delivery, ensuring that materials cater to diverse learning preferences. These findings underscore the imperative need for continuous refinement of instructional materials in MOOCs to sustain learner motivation, maximize engagement, and foster a more immersive and effective learning environment. By addressing these critical aspects, MOOC providers can significantly enhance learner experiences and drive academic success in the digital learning landscape.

يعتبر شعر المناسبات من الفنون الأدبية الأكثر انتشار لدى الشعراء في دولة صكتو في القرن العشرين وكانوا يقرضون أشعارا في مناسبات وذكريات كثيرة لها أهيمة لديهم, ومن جملة هؤلاء الشعراء الشاعر أحمد صابر, وقد أدلى دلوه في هذا الفن حيث قرض أشعارا كثيرة في هذا المجال في أسلوب رائع مشتمل على الصور الفنية والظواهر البلاغية تشهد على تمكنه في قرض الشعر, والتعبير عما في ضميره وشعوره بكل فصاحة وبلاغة, يهدف هذا البحث إلى الوقوف على نونية الشاعر في ذكرى وفاة والده الحاج محمد نَتَعَالَى, لإخراج ما تضمنته من صور بلاغية وتحليلها حسب توظيف الشاعر لها, ثم الإشارة إلى أهم ما وصل إليه البحث من نتائج. ويشتمل البحث على الكلمات الافتتاحية التالية: الشاعر أحمد صابر, عرض القصيدة, صور بلاغية في القصيدة ,الخاتمة ونتائج البحث..

Bone fracture is considered to be one of the common problems faced by the majority of population all over the globe. In this context the only option available with the person affected is the either the plaster or the surgery followed by the plaster. Along with this the anti-inflammatory medications as well as calcium containing drugs are being recommended for the early recovery of the patients. The problem with the medication and plaster is that the person feels a lot of discomfort. Itching, skin irritation, poor blood circulation due to tight plaster, pressure sores, infection with wetting of plaster and displacement of bones with losing of plaster might take place. Even the drugs recommended in this case like analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications might results in potential side effects. In this regard it is better to find some alternate for the same. In the recent, herbal plants are being recommended for the treatment of bone fracture. The different formulations can be designed for the delivery of the herbal constituents as the medication for fracture. In the present paper the detail description of herbal plants are being highlighted which have shown the potential of healing fracture.

The study was carried out to detection of H.pylori in (200) patients who attended two teaching hospitals in Baghdad. The diagnosis done by Immunochromatography methods. Stools and blood samples was taken from each patient as well as other (30) healthy control matching in their age. The study included detection the Levels of Interleukin-39 and CRP in sera of patients and control. The result indicated presence of H pylori antigen in 115 cases 59 cases of males and 51 of females, Also, the result indicated increasing levels of IL-39 and CRP in patients sera in comparison with healthy control.

International humanitarian law and international human rights law are two distinct but complementary bodies of law. They are both concerned with the protection of the life, health and dignity of individuals. IHL applies in armed conflict while human rights law applies at all times, in peace and in war. The interplay between human rights and humanitarian law in armed conflict remains a critical area of legal and ethical discourse. While international humanitarian law (IHL) governs the conduct of hostilities, human rights law ensures fundamental freedoms and protections even in war. This article examines the practical challenges in implementing these legal frameworks, the role of state and non-state actors, and mechanisms for enforcement and accountability. Through an analytical approach, the study evaluates case studies from recent conflicts to assess the effectiveness of international legal instruments.

Background and Objective: In Pakistan, the demand for surgery is not being met due to a shortage of both surgical equipment and healthcare workers. This gap in the availability of surgical equipment hinders the provision of safe surgeries. To develop strategies to improve availability, it is essential to understand the use of surgical equipment in this context. This study aims to: (1) map out the different phases that surgical equipment goes through during its lifespan (i.e., the surgical equipment journey) in Pakistan, and (2) identify the barriers perceived by biomedical equipment technicians (BMETs). Material and Methods: Seven semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 BMETs working in Pakistan. These participants were from 6 different hospitals (4 public, one private, and one mission). The interviews took place between December 2016 and December 2018. Participants were asked to describe or illustrate the surgical equipment journey and to identify perceived barriers during this journey. Results: The surgical equipment journey comprises three phases: procurement, usage, and disposal. Key stakeholders in this journey include users, BMETs, procurement officers, local distributors, and, in the case of donations, donation agencies. Identified barriers include bureaucratic hurdles during procurement, difficulties in obtaining consumables and spare parts (especially for donated equipment), cleaning with harsh chemicals, and usage in challenging environments. Conclusion: To optimize the surgical equipment journey in Pakistani hospitals, sustainable interventions at multiple organizational levels are necessary. Participants in this study identified several strategies to increase the availability of surgical equipment in Pakistan: implementing policies on donations, procuring durable equipment, training more BMETs and university-trained biomedical engineers, and developing designs and business models suited to local conditions in Pakistan and potentially other countries in the region.

Background: Drug-eluting stents have significantly lowered the risk of restenosis. However, how to treat restenosis inside a DES is unknown. While the number of severe adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) linked to drug-eluting stents (DES) has significantly decreased, stent thrombosis (STH) and in-stent restenosis (ISR) continue to be significant clinical problems. Materials and Methods: This observation cohort study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Universal Medical College and Northeast Medical College, Sylhet. During study period 2016 to 2020 Universal Medical College and 2020 to 2022 Northeast Medical College. Among 509 lesions treated with DES, 26 required clinically driven revascularization for ISR. We identified 26 consecutive patients who developed ISR, among them Homo-Stents (n=17), Hetero-Stents (n=5) and (n=4) treated by other. Results: Three cases (75%) in the other ISR group and one (20%) in the hetero-stent group had a history of congestive heart failure. Of the three groups, only one had clinical characteristics that were statistically significant (p<0.05), whereas the other two did not (p>0.05). In the hospital, the differences between the three groups at six and twelve months were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is a high long-term rate of MACE associated with current DES therapies for ISR or STH.