Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.

Citrus fruits are a rich source of essential oils that have various applications in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Lime is notable for its high essential oil yield, which contains active compounds that possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to compare the maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods for obtaining essential oil from lime exocarp as well as characterizing the compounds in the oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study found that the Soxhlet extraction method had a higher yield of oil compared to the maceration method. However, the maceration method had a lower acid value and free fatty acid content, and a higher saponification value. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was more acidic than that of the essential oil obtained using the maceration method. The study also found that limonene was the most prominent compound in both extraction methods. However, the percentage of β-ocimene and γ-terpinene were significantly higher in the maceration method compared to the Soxhlet extraction method. Limonene, β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene are important compounds found in essential oils and have various medicinal properties. These findings have significant implications for the essential oil industry. The choice of extraction method can influence the composition of the essential oil obtained, as well as its chemical and physical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the intended use of the essential oil when choosing an extraction method.

This study explores the kinetics of the pyrolysis process applied to chicken manure as an environmentally sustainable waste management technique within the poultry industry. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, involves the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, yielding biochar, gases, and bio-oil. Experimental runs were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor, varying reactor temperature and heating rate settings. Pyrolytic conversion was determined by weighing the reactor contents before and after each run, allowing for the construction of pyrolytic conversion curves. Through the application of the Coats-Redfern method, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined. It was found that a second-order kinetics model exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than a first-order model, yielding coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00, compared to 0.94 to 0.97 for the first-order model. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was estimated to fall within the range of 140.4 to 151.2 kJ/mol. Additionally, the pre-exponential factors (A) were found to be significantly high, on the order of 1010 min-1, suggesting a low pyrolytic reactivity. The calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) ranged from 134.1 to 145 kJ/mol. Importantly, the energy barrier, represented by the difference between activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of reaction (ΔH), was determined to be low at 7 kJ/mol. These findings indicate the potential for efficiently and sustainably valorizing chicken waste through pyrolysis. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chicken manure pyrolysis, supporting its adoption as an energy-efficient and environmentally sound waste management strategy within the poultry industry.