The present study has been carried out to determine the direction of the nutrient foramina in adult human forearm bones. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones. The present study was done on 114 adult human forearm bones comprising 57 radii and 57 ulnae to observe direction of nutrient foramina and our result shows that 100% of nutrient foramina in radii and ulnae directed away from growing end. We can conclude from the result the nutrient foramen is directed towards the upper end of forearm bones.

The present study has been carried out to determine the number of the nutrient foramina in adult human forearm bones. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones. The present study was done on 114 adult humen forearm bones comprising 57 radii and 57 ulnae to observe number of nutrient foramina and our result shows out of 114 forearm bones 105 bones (92.10%) had single nutrient foramina and 8 bones had double nutrient foramina and 1 bone had no nutrient foramina. We can conclude from the result both Forearm bones possess a nutrient foramina which enlightening to the resection in orthopedics and also for the bone grafting.

Ear length, ear width, lobular length and lobular width are different in every human at their various stage of age. The study aimed at to obtain morphometric measurements in relation to age and combined analysis of right and left ears. 250 peoples selected for this study. All measurements were taken with help of digital vernier caliper and recorded in centimeter after taking informed written consent. The mean and SD of TEH were 5.79 ± 0.36 cm, 5.72 ± 0.37cm, EW were 2.63 ± 0.27 cm and 2.71 ± 0.29 cm, LH of right and left ear were1.54 ± 0.16 cm and 1.62 ± 0.17 cm and LW were 1.68 ± 0.26 cm and 1.69 ± 0.21 cm of right and left ear in 16-19 age group respectively. In the age group of 20 -22 years, the mean and SD of TEH were 5.98 ± 0.43 cm and 5.91 ± 0.42 cm, EW were 2.87 ± 0.27 cm and 2.81 ± 0.26 cm, LH were 1.60 ± 0.18 cm and 1.66 ± 0.17 cm and LW were 1.70 ± 0.26 cm and 1.74 ± 0.26 cm of right and left ear. In the age group of 23-26 years the mean and SD of TEH were 6.16 ± 0.29 cm and 6.03 ± 0.18 cm, EW were 2.99 ± 0.19 cm and 3.00 ± 0.22 cm, LH were 1.63 ± 0.19 cm and 1.67 ± 0.13 cm and LW were1.71 ± 0.23 1.80 ± 0.23 of right and left ear. All parameter were increasing with advancing age.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the somatotype profile and to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) according to the somatotype among heavy load carriers. This cross-sectional study was performed on 301 carriers. The method used for determining the somatotype according to Heath and Carter was characterised by calculating the individual components: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic. Prevalence of the MSDs was investigated with a Nordic Questionnaire. The neck, shoulders, upper back, lower back, hips/thigh were the body parts in which more than 50% carriers reported MSDs. The MSDs at the level of the wrists/hands was significantly (P <0.001) more frequent in the mesomorphic profile (53.8%) compare to the profiles of endomorphic (10.9%) or ectomorphic (40.9%). In contrast, the frequency of MSDs at the ankles/feet was reported to be significantly higher in the ectomorphic profile (40.0%). This study showed the endomorphic profile to be the most representative among heavy load carriers followed by the ectomorphic profile. If the MSDs at wrists/hands and the ankles/feet were more in mesomorphic and ectomorphic profiles than in endomorph group, the rate of MSDs at the neck, shoulders, upper and lower back, hips/thighs were the same in the three groups.

Background: The size of the kidney can be considered as an important indication for Congenital anomalies and in many clinical signs. Aim: to study the morphological and morphometric parameters of human kidneys in Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Fifty formalin fixed kidney specimens (Right-25; Left-25) obtained from cadavers with age range 55-60 years were utilized from the Department of Anatomy, Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal to study the morphological and morphometric parameters of human kidney specimens. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness and weight of the kidneys were measured and recorded. Results: The means of length, width, and thickness of the right kidneys were7.63+1.039, 3.93+0.431, 2.62+0.373 whereas left kidneys were 7.68+1.004, 3.96+0.426, 2.58+0.396 in the present study. The mean weight of the right kidney was 126.92+24.923 whereas the mean of left kidney weight was131+24.363 in the present study. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness, and weight were more in left kidney compared to right kidneys. The higher morphometric values were noted in the male kidney specimens when compared to female kidney specimens in the present study Conclusion: Morphometric parameters have a significant role in size, vascular diseases and congenital anomalies of human kidneys and possess greater clinical importance.

Management of radial head and neck fractures involves precontoured plate fixation.Proper plate fixation by determination of safe zone helps in restoration of normal mobility and function at radio ulnar and elbow joint. Aims and objectives of present study includes :1) To estimate bending radius of neck head curvature in the safe zone (BR), 2) Types of curvature classified as flat profile, low concave curvature and marked concave curvature at safe zone and 3) To estimate the differences in parameters between right and left radii. Results: Mean bending radii at safe zone was 25.66±9.64 and 29.97±10.40 in right and left side respectively. There was significant difference in values of bending radii between right and left sides. Low concave curvature was most prevalent type of curvature. Conclusion: Estimation of bending radii at safe and its morphology can help in reducing impingement and help in reducing postoperative complications.

Introduction: The paired scapular bone are present on dorsal aspect of thorax with its process like spine, coracoids and acromial; and it has superior, inferior and glenoid or lateral angles; costal and dorsal surfaces and surascapular notch on its superior border. The detailed knowledge of scapular anatomy and its morphometric & osteometric measurements are essential for treatment of shoulder blade disorders like displacement fracture and for corrective prosthetic surgeries. Materials and methods: 60 dry intact scapulae (24 right & 36 left) were examined for the study were taken from department of anatomy, Vydehi Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Bangalore and from East Point College of Medical Science And Research Centre, Bangalore. The different parameters of the scapula were taken for the measurements. Results: In the present study average parameters of scapular length was 13.5 cm, scapular width was 8.6cm, glenoid height was 3.5cm and its width was 2.2cm, acromion length was 3.8 cm and its breadth was 2.2cm, corocoid length 3.68cm and its thickness 1.17cm, projection length of spine 12.2cm, acromio-corocoid distance 3.56 cm and acromio-glenoid distance 2.75 cm, suprascapular notch depth 0.83cm & superior transverse diameter of notch was 1.75cm, superior angle of scapula was 91.70, inferior angle was 37.60, lateral angle was 55.10, glenopolar angle was 34.30 & glenoinclination angle was 11.50. Conclusion: This data of detailed measurements of different parameters of scapula may be helpful for athropologists and anatomists and also for surgeons to aid in the management of various shoulder diseases and in designing implants for the shoulder joint.