Background: Auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) are non-invasive techniques used to assess the capability of the CNS to integrate sensory and motor activities based on the level of CNS arousal and alertness. There is a lacuna for studying the impact of nicotine in smokeless tobacco users, therefore this study aimed to estimate and compare ART and VRT of smokers and dipping tobacco users with non-tobacco users in different age groups. Methods: Total 612 apparently healthy male subjects were divided equally on the basis of habit into three groups namely smokers, dipping tobacco users and control (non- tobacco user) with 204 subjects in each group. They were divided further on the basis of age into 4 sub groups like 11-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years with having 51 subjects in each group. RTM-608 (Medicaid system) apparatus was used to measure audio-visual reaction time under strict precautions and standard protocols to minimize the effect of other variables on reaction times. Data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance in each group. Results: All age groups differ significantly from each other for ART and VRT (ANOVA; p<0.05). Significant reduction was found for ART & VRT for dipping tobacco users as compared to control and smokers (p <0.05). ART and VRT increases with age in each group of control, smokers and dipping tobacco users. Conclusion: The audio and visual reaction time was significantly higher in older individuals. Reduction in ART and VRT were observed in the dipping tobacco users and smoker which shows acceleration of the response to stimulus

The present study was conducted on 600 Haryanvi adults comprising of 300 males and 300 females aged 18 to 40 years. Prior written consent was obtained from subjects. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study were predefined. Two cephalic measurements, maximum head length and maximum head breadth were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. From the study it was concluded that the mean head length was 18.80 cm in males and 17.85 cm in females. So all the measurements were more in males as compared to females. The head length frequency showed that 58% males and 21.33% females have very long head length, 24.33% males and 56% females have long, 16% males and 24% females have medium, 0.66% males and 7.33% females have short and 1% males and 2.66% females have very short head length. Head breadth frequency showed that 79% males and 76.33% females have very narrow, 17% males and 19.33% females have narrow and 3.33% and 4.33% females have medium head breadth.

Yawning reflex occurs in many animals and humans. It is believed to be the symbol of tiredness or boredom. It is said to be a contagious phenomenon. Scientific research is limited regarding the causes and purpose of yawning. The present study is planned to determine different yawning patterns in adolescents. After taking informed consent, the questionnaire with 6 point likert scale was given to 76 dental students (66 girls & 10 boys). They were asked to answer accordingly without revealing their identity. The results were represented graphically. Most of the students answered that they yawn “somewhat” or “not at all’. A positive response of yawning “very much” was given by 68.42% of students when they lack sleep. 73.68% & 71.05% students “don’t yawn at all” during an interview and while taking this survey respectively. Yawning is said to be contagious, but only 23.68% replied that they “yawn a lot” while seeing others do it. It can be concluded that the study group is probably alert and active as they expressed their yawning patterns at the base level.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental disorder. It’s a rare congenital and the most common human forebrain malformation, occurs in 1 in 250 fetuses and 1 in 16,000 live births. Occurring due to incomplete cleavage of the prosencephalon. It is seen between the 18th and the 28th day of gestation. It is affecting face and forebrain and is associated with multiple midline facial anomalies. Herewith we report an antenatal case of such patient. Patient was evaluated and because of the lethal anomalous fetus, induction was done which led to a stillborn baby. The focus of this article will be on the pathophysiology of findings visible in fetal manifestation of the HPE spectrum.

Background: Foramen ovale and trigeminal nerve is an important anatomical landmark for the therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. One should have a precise knowledge about it. The aim of this study is to know the exact location and position of trigeminal nerve and foramen ovale at their exit. Material and methods: This study was done in the department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Udaipur on 60 dry skulls obtained from the department and also from some students. Damaged skulls are excluded from this study. Distance from lateral surface of zygomatic arch to the lateral rim of foramen ovale of right (M1R) and left (M1L) are recorded in mm. Distance from antero inferior border of zygomatic bone to the anterior end of foramen ovale of right (M2R) and left (M2L) and bilateral antero posterior and transverse diameter of foramen ovale of right and left side (APR, APL, Tr. R, Tr. L) are recorded in mm with the help of compass and digital vernier calliper. Result: The average distance of M1L and M1R is 41.641 and 41.925mm and M2L and M2R is 51.536 and 51.708mm respectively. Average diameter of APL and APR is 6.47 7.02mm respectively. The average Tr. R is 3.595mm and Tr. L is 3.76mm. Conclusion: The average distance of M1 is 51.622mm M2 is 41.783mm. The average AP diameter is 6.745mm and Tr. diameter is 3.6775mm. With the help of these anthropometric measurements the surgeons can mark the exact location of foramen ovale from surface, prior to operative procedure.

Background: Spleen is an essential organ due to its significant role in immunological and haematological functions of the body. Splenic notches on various borders establish the lobulation of the spleen in early life. Aim: To study the morphological and morphometric parameters of the spleen in aborted foetuses Materials and Methods: 30 foetal spleen specimens (Male-14; Female-16) of both sexes from 12-40 weeks of gestational age were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal. The morphometric parameters like length, width, thickness and weight of the foetal spleen were measured and recorded Results: The incidence of wedge shape was 23 (76.66%), the pyramidal shape was 6(20%), and leaf-shaped was 1(3.33%). The incidence of the single notch was observed in 19 (63.33%), two notches in 9(30%), and three notches in 2(6.66%) specimens were found in the present study. The parameters like length, width, thickness, and weight of the fetal spleen were increased in relation to the gestational age in the present study. Conclusion: The present study acknowledges the anatomical and morphological basis of the spleen may be helpful for the surgeons while doing partial splenectomy in the removal of the affected segment by ligating the segmental branch of the splenic artery.