The research included 116 subjects who have declared that they had participated in sports, sport activities and recreation. It is a targeted sample, competent to declare their views on questions of why they practice sports and sport activities and what are the reasons (causes) for young people to quit the sport which they participated in. The results obtained on reasons for participation in sports and sport activities show that good physical shape is the primary reason, followed by health, social interaction, and friendship and making acquaintances, while a sporting career and financial benefit are by far lowest on the scale. When it comes to reasons why young people quit sports and sport activities, the majority quit because of indolence, followed by injuries, social circles, and lack of free time, pressure from overambitious parents, poor attitude of the coach, excessive exertion, and ultimately, lack of talent. When it comes to differences between attitudes on quitting sports between the sexes, occupations, smokers/non-smokers, alcohol consumers/non-consumers, and types of residential areas, the results have shown that neither the subject’s sex nor alcohol consumption have an impact on attitudes on reasons for quitting sports. Some difference was observed in level of education (high school or university student), smoking (smokers or non-smokers), and type of residential area (city, suburbs, countryside).

The sky-squares are the institutions that provide both military and socio-cultural services within the structure of the period. In the cities of the Seljuk Empire, the squares gave a regular service in the administration of the officer. In the settlements near the Seljuk fortresses, they also served under the control of the court of residence under the Castle Guard. In the Turkish tribes outside the settlement areas, both military and socio-cultural activities continued in the tradition of decentralized management coming from the Turkic Khaganate and in open and closed upland and winter sports houses. On the other hand, the understanding of power and other states to accept them to make the Seljuk Empire connected to the power of the country as well as seize the trade routes, an important element of the economy seized the trade routes to hold and to organize the commercial activities in a comfortable, easy and safe way, The Seljuk Empire determined its bio-policy on the people of the country as "to be the best fighting society ". To reach the determined bio-policy, it has used all its facilities in an organized way. The Seljuk Empire has achieved this goal thanks to the sky-squares. In addition to military physical education, Sky-squares, which was opened to the use of people living in the city on certain days of the week, contributed both to the activity of the people in various sports branches and to the establishment of the enterprises that produce the sports branch of their interest and to the Seljuk economy.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations changes during Wingate exercise and 10 min post-exercise recovery in football players with different aerobic capacity levels. Blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations were measured in 27 amateur football players during supramaximal Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). The subjects were divided into two groups: group1, 16 subjects with maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) values whose were higher than 60 ml/kg/min; group 2, 11 subjects with VO2max values lower than 55 ml/kg/min. All subjects performed WAnT after determining the VO2max using an incremental test. The WAnT was performed on an Ergomedic cycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the stop of WAnT and during the 10 minutes’ recovery (following WAnT). Only slight and no significant decrease was observed during WAnT for blood glucose: 5.5±0.3 mmol/L vs 4.9±0.3 mmol/L, group 2. Very large increases in lactate and pyruvates concentrations were found at the WAnT stop: 12.41±0.15 mmol/L vs 1.57±0.14 mmol/L for group 1, 13.87±0.12 mmol/L vs 1.84±0.25 mmol/L for group 2. The peaks of [La] were observed at 2 min post-exercise WAnT: 12.83±0.23 mmol/L and 14.59±0.32 mmol/L respectively. The same trend was observed for pyruvate concentrations. Blood [La] concentrations measured during 2 min to 10 min recovery decreased significantly, and were significantly and negatively correlated with VO2maw. This study clearly confirm that a brief and supramaximal Wingate exercise induced higher lactate and pyruvates concentrations increase in football players with high VO2max level than others with low VO2max level. The major responsible factor is glycolytic capacity.