Co-curricular activities encompassing uniform units, clubs, and associations are compulsory courses in all educational institutions in Malaysia. The implementation of co-curricular activities requires neat preparation in order to reduce exposure to the risk of loss, injury, and accidents during the activities. Therefore, this study aimed to produce an instrument for effective co-curricular activity risk management (also known as (CoARM) to guide administrators, lecturers, and students, in conducting safe co-curricular activities, especially at Malaysian teacher education institute (TEIM). This study used the Fuzzy-Delphi method involving 30 experts in the field of co-curriculum from public universities and TEIM. The questionnaire was constructed based on the analysis of field expert interviews and a literature review. It was then sent for expert agreement on the elements, sub-elements, and content of CoARM at TEIM. The findings distinguish three (3) elements and fifteen (15) sub-elements of CoARM when planning and implementing co-curricular activities. The first element was the human element involving trainers, participants, support staff, service providers, and external agencies. The second element, the equipment element, involved anchorage, accommodation, facilities for special activity equipment, and safety equipment. The third element was the environment element with the sub-elements of weather, location, activity routes, security threats, and rescue routes. The CoARM instrument is expected to provide new knowledge as well as to serve as a guide in the field to increase the public’s confidence in organising co-curricular activities at Malaysian educational institutions and as a reference source in the future construction of CoARM modules.

Scoliosis, also known as lateral curvature of the spine or spinal lateral deviation, is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by the bending of one or multiple segments of the spine to the side accompanied by vertebral rotation. It appears in the shape of an "S" or "C" and can cause pain during standing, walking, or lifting heavy objects, leading to a reduction in physical activity. Scoliosis is the most common spinal disorder among children and adolescents. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) refers to scoliosis that occurs during the teenage years and its etiology remains unclear. AIS is a spinal condition characterized by a three-dimensional deformity in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes, with a Cobb angle of 10 degrees or more. The global prevalence of AIS ranges from 0.47% to 5.2% (Erwin et al., 2020; Konieczny et al., 2013). According to a study by Qiu Guixing et al., the prevalence of scoliosis in China is estimated to be approximately 0.6% to 2.0%, with 90% of cases being AIS. Jia Juanjuan et al., conducted a scoliosis screening of 8,026 students in Jiaxing City in 2019, with initial screening identifying 218 positive cases. Among them, 132 cases were confirmed through X-ray examination, estimating a scoliosis prevalence rate of 5.46% among primary and secondary school students in Jiaxing City. Chen Xiaosheng, Ru Shouhang et al., conducted a scoliosis survey among students from the fourth grade of primary school to the second grade of high school in various districts of Shenzhen City from January to December 2020, with the results showing a scoliosis prevalence rate of 5.01% among primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen City. The prevalence rate was higher in females than males and increased with age. If scoliosis in adolescents is not promptly and effectively treated during their growth process, the spinal deformity can rapidly progress and lead to various complications. For example, scoliosis can cause changes in the shape of the ribs, resulting in unequal thoracic cavity volume and breathing difficulties. Prolonged restricted breathing can lead to complications such as chest tightness and shortness of breath. Additionally, scoliosis can affect the functioning of abdominal organs, leading to pulmonary dysfunction and hypoxia, and in severe cases, it can cause cardiorespiratory failure. Furthermore, scoliosis not only affects the physical health of patients but also their mental well-being. The physical appearance changes caused by scoliosis deformity can potentially lead to psychological disorders.