This study dealt with the relationship between school feeding program and pupil`s attendance in primary schools in Moshi rural District, which guided by reinforcement theory proposed by Skinner. The study used correlational research design. 5 primary schools were used for the study with 5 teachers from each school, and 15 pupils from each sampled school. Probability sampling was utilized to select respondents‟ questionnaire were the main tools for data collection. The data analysis used percentage and frequency to describe and summarize the research variables. The study concluded that the provision of school feeding program does not provide balance diet to pupils since the food provided do not contained five types of food, school feeding program influenced pupils enrollment and attendance at large number which accelerated performance in primary schools, school feeding program influenced pupils performance at high level, the implementation of school feeding program facing challenges such as lack government support, poor parent contribution and the issue of free education. The recommendations which can be made were community and parents should be given education on the importance of school feeding program in primary schools, the community should be involved on contribution of school feeding program, the government should elaborate the issue of free education.

Over the years, the issue of SBA in Malaysia continues to gain attention. The issue that highlighted in this study is the reliability and validity of SBA as an assessment system. It is an unquestionable fact that teachers are given power to assess their students; however, due to lack of information, training, materials, guidelines and infrastructure in executing the SBA, it has led to a subjective evaluation. Thus this article intend to examine teachers‟ perception on the effectiveness of SBA practiced in secondary schools. The researcher investigated teachers‟ perceptions of the role of SBA in teaching and learning mathematics. The nature of the study will be a quantitative approach. A questionnaire with three different parts was designed to collect the data. The descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation were used to answer all respective research questions in this quantitative study. Results and findings led to the conclusion that the teachers who responded “SBA is effective” have a higher probability to have a positive perception on the students‟ achievement in Mathematics.

The study examined the attitudes of nomadic parents to girl-child education in nomadic schools in Mubi Educational Zone. It also investigated the nature of educational provisions for the nomads. The study employed survey research design. The population of the study consists of all the 20 nomadic primary schools in the five local governments in the educational zone. The sample size of 120 nomadic teachers was chosen from ten nomadic primary schools in all the five local governments through stratified sampling technique using class, sex and locality as strata. The research instrument for this study titled “Attitudes of Nomadic Parents towards the Education of Girl-Child” (ANPEG) was self-developed by the researchers. The face and content validity of the instrument was established by two experts both in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement in the Department of Science Education, Adamawa State University Mubi. The reliability test was carried out in a nomadic primary school in Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State using test re-test method, and the reliability coefficient was 0.89.

The study investigated perception of teachers on indiscipline among secondary school students in Gombi Eduucational Zone of Adamawa State. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study was 7,468. A sample size of 120 was drawn through stratified sampling technique was drawn through stratified sampling technique. A research instrument titled „Perception of Teachers on Indiscipline among Secondary School Students (PTISSS) was adapted from Olaitan, Mohammed and Ajibola (2013). The validity of the research instrument was carried out by two experts both in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement. Test re-test method was used to carry out the reliability of the instrument and the reliability coefficient was 0.84. The results revealed that students‟ misbehaviour is a prevailing problem affecting schools in Gombi Educational Zone. It was also revealed that indiscipline of students is as a result of poor seating arrangement with no locker and chairs, overcrowded population of students and imitating the unruly behaviour of colleagues. In conclusion, students‟ misconduct in the classroom interferes with teaching and learning and this could be precursor to school dropout and similar negative social outcomes. Therefore it was recommended that all members of the staff, including the principals and vice principals should exhibit the spirit of teamwork in order to energize morale and enhance staff motivation and also Government should provide conducive learning environment for learners in secondary schools in order to help minimize indiscipline among students.

In the face of the rising cost of secondary education, the concept of unit cost of secondary education is gaining great importance. This study analyzed Unit Cost of Day and Boarding secondary schools in Nandi County, Kenya. Specifically the study sought; to establish variable cost, to determine unit cost, to compare unit cost and government fees limits and to compare unit cost of Day and Boarding secondary schools. This study was guided by Cost Function derived from the Education Production Function theory. The study employed survey as a research strategy; targeted all the principals in 186 public secondary schools, It employed stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling. A pilot study was used in determining the reliability where Pearson Product Moment Coefficient (r) of 0.807 was obtained. For Validity of the research tools, experienced team of supervisors carefully and critically examined the instruments. Data was analyzed using means, percentages and ttest. The findings revealed that, Variable cost for the period (2012-2015) in Day and Boarding schools was Ksh.1.2 billion and Ksh.1.7 billion respectively. It was found out that, average unit cost for the period 2012-2015 was Ksh. 22,263 and Ksh. 54,828 for Day and Boarding schools respectively. This study found out that, majority (70%) of the Boarding schools spent within the set government fees limit while majority (76%) of the Day schools in this study spent beyond the set limit; there was a significant difference in unit cost between Boarding and Day secondary schools. (t(121) = 31.516, p = 0.000); The findings of this study will generate ideas for better and more ingenious cost management. To manage unit cost of secondary education, there is need to; appreciate the concept of cost unit cost, improve effectiveness of school management, effectively utilize monetary resource and practice prudence in financial management.

Given the rising cost of secondary education, leading to allocation of large amount of resources to secondary education, students’ academic performance is expected to be better. This study analyzed the influence of Unit Cost on learners’ academic performance in Day and Boarding secondary school in Nandi County, Kenya. The study was guided by Cost Function derived from the Education Production Function theory; it employed a survey as a research strategy. The study targeted all the principals in 186 public secondary schools in the Nandi County. It employed stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling. Questionnaire and document analysis were for data collection. A pilot study was used to determine the reliability of the instruments. For validity of the research tool, experienced team of supervisors carefully and critically examined the instruments. Data was analyzed using means, percentages and linear regression analysis. It was found out that, average unit cost Ksh. 22,263 and Ksh. 54,828 for Day and Boarding secondary schools respectively. Furthermore, the findings revealed that, academic performance for the period (2012- 2015), recorded an average mean of 7.1184 and 4.7391 for Boarding and Day secondary schools respectively. From the study, there was a positive significant (p=0.000) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Boarding schools t(28) = 4.192, p<0.05. Similarly, there was a positive significant (p=0.014) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Day schools, t(91) = 2.503, p<0.05. The recommendations are; there is need to priorities expenditure for acquisition of teaching and learning resources and thus enhance learner achievements. The Ministry of Education to explore cost effective measures to reduce unit cost of secondary education so as to improve access and performance. The findings generate ideas for better and more resourceful cost management in secondary schools, which is useful for policy makers and managers in education sector.

Pastoralists are members of the human race who occupy extremely disadvantaged regions of the world. The environmental conditions in these regions make this group of people very harsh and cruel. They practice weird cultural practices which derail the efforts of the government towards attainment of universal primary education. This paper examines how the social cultural practices of this group of people influence the implementation of Free Primary Education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The findings are a result of a study which adopted a descriptive research design and was based on the Action Reaction Theory. Data was collected by use of questionnaires from 300 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in the entire West Pokot County. 50 parents, 50 head teachers and 1 Director of Education were purposively selected to participate in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. Findings highlighted in this paper will help in formulating policies which are suited for pastoralists to widen and broaden their quest for education.

The complex relationship between pastoral communities and their socioeconomic background casts more doubts as to how the local people are involved in policy process of improving access to Primary Schooling, Mugwe, 2006. The study reiterates the usefulness of case studies for educational research given its variety and complexity in making formative evaluation and in educational policy making. This is in agreement with Cletus, B [34] which emphasizes the critical role of evidence- based policy and practice. Investigation was carried out to examine implications of Free Primary Education (FPE) on access to schooling. The study adopted ethnographic research design that utilized purposive sampling technique and saturation procedure to select a total of 170 respondents that included head teachers, teachers, parents, school dropouts, educational managers, community leaders, and Non-Governmental Organizations drawn from Turkana South sub-county. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals, groups and organizations that would provide insight into the study. Data was collected using focus group interviews, structured and unstructured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Subsequently, data was collected by use of questionnaire that was sent to head-teachers and education officials and was used only to validate the qualitative data. The collected data was coded, analyzed, described and summarized. The statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) 12.0 for Windows was used to analyze coded information for the purposes of checking for internal consistency, creation of composite scores, and correlation. The study identified various implications of FPE on Primary Schooling for pastoralists as the following: increased enrolment; shortage of teachers; high transition rate; poor handling of children with special needs; increased dropout rate and lack of funds for school feeding program. The findings also concluded that if the roles of various stakeholders were properly articulated, it would improve access to Primary Schooling among pastoralist communities.

This study aims to produce a model of Introduction to Accounting Learning Development and Utilization of Document Content. Lecturers have an important task, which is to determine the concept of learning that is in accordance with the document content, which is a method of learning through a gradual process. This goal is based on current conditions. The facts after the introduction of the introductory course of content-based accounting study documented the results of changes in the teaching and learning process, where a lecturer who used the method of learning process with question and answer, contributed 44 percent and 36 percent of lectures. KKNI's competence in knowledge acquisition contributes 27 percent, managerial ability contributes 30 percent and work ability contributes 26 percent. Students and Lecturers in the Assumption of difficult material contributes as much as, 29 percent, Motivation to learn to contribute as much as, 33 percent, and learning techniques to contribute 25 percent. The quality of learning in Document Content contributes to, 26 percent, and Lecturer Readiness contributes, 38 percent. The transparency of knowledge given by the lecturers to the students gives positive results, where the students become active and creative, motivated to learn to understand the material independently and can develop its potential, by optimizing its capability by capturing the phenomenon that occurs in the business world.

Examination malpractice or academic dishonesty has become a concern to education stakeholders the issue of examination malpractice is a national emergency. This study sought to examine institutional dynamics that contributes to examination malpractice in public universities. Kenya. Descriptive research design was used. Simple random sampling techniques were used in choosing the sample size. The target population for the study was the student counselors and third year students from the school of Education. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview schedules. The analysis of data was done using both qualitative and quantitative. It was found out that that lack of accommodation facilities contribute significantly to examination malpractices as most students travel long distances to and from the university campus instead of revising or studying in the library leading to little time left for studies. It was therefore recommended that there is need for the institution to provide accommodation facilities, the findings and recommendations from this study will go a long way in helping the university senates to review university examination policy in Kenya and come up with appropriate strategies to fight institutional factors that contribute to examination malpractices in universities in Kenya

Evaluation of strategies in Kenya may be done either quantitatively or qualitatively. This is to ascertain whether the process of implementations will succeed in attaining the objectives or not. This study sought to investigate the implementation dynamics of strategic plans in secondary schools in Masaba north-sub county, Nyamira County, Kenya. The study used descriptive research design to get the information under investigation. The target population consisted of: 1 Sub county Education Officer (SCEO) and 31 Principals. The study used purposive sampling and simple random sampling. The research instruments used to collect data was questionnaires and Interview schedules. The findings of the study show that during the implementation of strategic plans school environment affect implementation of strategic plans through effective Institutional policies which reflect the picture of school needs, The Education policy makers would find this study useful in spearheading a campaign to foster a positive attitude among stakeholders who have the implementation dynamics of strategic plans in secondary schools, also to bring forth a practice where major players in schools adopt a willingness to work and bring changes in performance in all the departments in an institution to improve on strategic planning process.

Art elective course combinations offered in Senior High Schools hinder Art students from offering some Art program at the Tertiary level. The need therefore to assess Art and allied programs offered at the tertiary level. A mixed method approach involving qualitative and quantitative research strategies was adopted for the study. The study revealed that visual art students are limited in offering some courses at the tertiary institutions as most visual art students have no idea of the program they want to study in the tertiary level of education. The study, therefore recommends to stakeholders to ensure that orientations and seminars are conducted in pre-SHS and SHS to help students to choose relevant courses to be offered at the tertiary level.

The study examined attitudes of secondary school teachers toward learner centered approach in Hanang‟ District. This study used self-determination theory and Meta cognition theory in theoretical review. The employed cross sectional survey research design. The target population included all secondary school teachers, students and academic masters in Hanang‟ District. The sample consisted 5 secondary schools, 20 teachers was sampled, 4 teachers from each sampled school, 60 students where 12 students and 1 academic teacher from each sampled school. This study used questionnaires as research instruments. Test-retest reliability method was used to calculate the coefficient of correlation by using Pearson product coefficient rule. The study concluded that teachers were not using learner centered method since they tend to use only group discussion method of learning which is not enough for teaching, learners were interested in learner-centered methods that allowed students were in class for discussion, debate, field trips and brainstorming while learner centered preferred by teachers were role play, drama, class discussion and brainstorming. The recommendations which can be made is the government should fund some learner centered methods such as field trips and projects, the Ministry of Education and vocational training through the school managers should encourage teachers to use the preferred learner centered methods which do not need the use of a lot of resources. And schools should provide and arrange activities in line with learner‟s interest.

To assess learning readiness skills on digit span paired and associate learning test among Government and Shantytown School Children. Sample consisted of 50 children: (n= 25) government school and (n= 25) was taken from shantytown school of Lahore with age range of 5 to 9 years. The subtests of Wechsler Memory Scale (Paired Associate Learning Test and Digit Span) were used to assess the learning readiness skills of children. The result of the findings indicates that there was significant difference between government and shantytown school children. Government school children perform better than the shantytown children. It should be necessary for parents to concentrate and improve basic skills of children and then got admission in school. When they have some exposure of basic skills then child can easily communicate and able to learn.

This study explores (a) what Greek school principals value as important both for themselves as principals (desired values) and for other principals in school administration (desirable values), directly and indirectly; and the Greek school principals opinions (b) about the factors affecting their personal and professional values and (c) about the importance of values in educational administration. Twelve principals were invited to decide upon vignettes (hypothetical scenarios) for their values indirectly to be unraveled, whereas semi-structured interviews were applied for the participants‟ values directly to be investigated and the other two research questions to be answered. The data were analyzed with the qualitative content analysis. A consistent finding emerged between the principals‟ desired and desirable values, explored both directly and indirectly, was the prevalence of the values of consequences for immediate clients (students, educators and parents) and collaboration. Regarding the factors impacting on principals‟ personal values, family, friends, and the Christian religion were mentioned as highly influential, while the principals‟ professional values were shaped mostly through their professional experience and their career path in Greek educational administration. However, interestingly, the principals‟ immediate supervisors seemed to affect mainly negatively the participants‟ professional values. These findings were found to reinforce and extend the research indicating the significance of values in educational administration, and they are discussed in terms of their implications for value-led principalship and principals‟ professional development

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of constituency bursary provision timings on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in TransNzoia County Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on Human Capital Theory developed by Schultz in 1971. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 77,337 persons. 78 (30% of 261) schools were randomly selected 16 from each sub-county with the exception of Endebes with 14 schools. A sample of 399 respondents was selected using Fischer formula. These included 306 form three students, 78 principals and 5 DEO, 5AEO and 5 CBF. A maximum of 4 form three students were randomly selected from the sampled schools. Data was collected data using questionnaires, documentary analysis and interview schedules. The instruments were validated by the three experts. Reliability of the instruments was determined through a pilot study where the Pearson‟s correlation coefficient of 0.73 was obtained, hence the instruments were considered reliable. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and presented in tables, while qualitative data from interviews was organized into themes and subthemes. The study established that, there was a significant (p= .001; α = 0.05) relationship between constituency bursary provisions and internal efficiency in public secondary in Kenya. It was therefore recommended that for enhanced internal efficiency in public secondary schools, there should be greater stakeholders‟ involvement during the bursary provision time.

The provision of education in Kenya has been tremendous over the past years. Notwithstanding the fact that a major stride through the secondary education policy has been attained, the current indicators exhibit high levels of inefficiency. This is evidenced by high national poor performance in national examinations in many schools. The quality of education, including its relevance to the country’s needs has also been questioned. The study intended to highlight the role of leadership among secondary schools principals in improving academic performance among students. Leadership is viewed as an ingredient in accounting for differences in the success of schools. The study utilized quantitative survey approach and involved 364 respondents in Trans Nzoia County. The study found a positive correlation between the role of principals and quality academic performance. It recommended that school principals should be pivotal in transforming their schools into successful institutions through enhancement of curriculum, development of instruction and learning environment and leadership styles. Principals are pivotal in transforming their institutions.

This theoretical paper uses document analysis to probe South Sudan‟s new National Curriculum Framework (2014) as an official text and its implications as a change agenda with a view to arriving at a perspective about the task of the school in the world‟s newest country. The study notes that the country‟s curriculum change policy seeks to enact a curriculum model that provides both equality and quality with a pedagogic philosophy that is humanistic in essence, transformative in outlook and historical in perspective. The new model shifts from subject-specific to generic curriculum that offers more student choice, relies on environment and accentuates social and life skills in a broader milieu of competencies. The new arrivals on the subject scene are information & communication technology, vocational education & enterprise, and values education in the form of environmental sustainability, life skills and peace studies to consolidate civics and cement the country‟s diverse society. However, the facility of the Framework to promote inclusive education is constrained by its design possibilities and the practical realities of school education in South Sudan as its official launch date of 2019 approaches. The scope for broader learner experience beyond conventionality will remain largely rhetorical or even inimical in as far as the resources for emancipatory practices are held back by the dual force of curriculum novelty and state priority. The prospect of wide gaps between planned, delivered and experienced curriculum is, therefore, real and vexed. It remains to be seen if the Ministry has a strategy at all to deal with any eventual knock-on effect. The fact remains, too, that the Framework is heavily prescriptive in nature and as such could potentially prove counter-productive to teacher agency with drastic consequences for local teacher appraisal practices. Thus, implementing a new curriculum short of resources and through the political doldrums of shifting timelines is principally an unmitigated disaster. It could lead to a tacit rejection of curriculum change, more out of repulsion than upon reflection. The fortunes of South Sudan‟s National Curriculum Framework (2014) are thus defined; and the broader discourse of reform duly confined.

This paper addresses the inconsistencies that exist between the stated objectives of the National Policy on Education and the delivery of the content of the national curriculum in the educational system of Nigeria. This stems from the fact that what is intended in the curriculum is different from what is perceived by learners. This concept which has been identified as the hidden curriculum is what this paper strives to relate as the root cause of some unhealthy relationships in the society. It reveals ultimately the reason why education in Nigeria has not been able to provide the needed thrust visa-a-vis the three key values necessary for national development. In view of this exposition, recommendations are made towards a redirection of focus on the educational delivery to strike a balance between what the curriculum intends and the final outcome on the learners.

Teachers play an important role in the implementation of secondary school curriculum. However, implementation of secondary school curriculum has not been effective. The study was guided by the persistent burnout theory. The study adopted mixed methods approach and used the concurrent triangulation research design. The target population for this study was 806 respondents from which a sample of 243 was selected using the Central Limit Theorem. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from secondary school teachers whereas interview guides were used to collect qualitative data from school heads and education officers. Validity was established through expert judgment whereas reliability was determined using test retest technique and reliability was obtained using Cronbach Alpha Method. Credibility of qualitative data was ascertained by involving multiple analysts, whereas dependability was established through detailed reporting of the research process. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the research questions and presented in narrative forms whereas quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferentially using ANOVA and presented in tables and charts. The study established that teachers‟ emotional exhaustion influence implementation of secondary school curriculum. Thus, the study recommends that school management and Ministry of Education need to devise ways of motivating teachers by providing incentives, instructional resources and physical facilities. Teachers need to develop positive selfesteem, attitude and positive perception towards oneself.

This study sought to investigate the students‟ perceived social factors that contribute to examination malpractices in Eldoret West Campus of Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to analyze strategies to curb examination malpractices in public universities. Descriptive research design was used. Simple random, stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used in choosing the sample size. The target population for the study was the student counselors, Dean School of education, Chief Examination officer and third year students from the school of Education. The sample size for the study was third year education students. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. The analysis of data was done using both qualitative and quantitative. It was found out that lack of accommodation facilities, limited provision of guidance and counseling services, poor orientation into the university system and work study programmes contribute to examination malpractices while limited provision of catering services and allowing students to operate business in the university premises do not contribute to examination malpractices in the institution. It was therefore recommended that there is need for the institution to put in place active student counseling services to deter students from engaging themselves in examination malpractices since most students believed that there is lack of guidance and counseling in the institution. The findings are expected to benefit in formulating university examination policy. Similarly, there is need for ISO standards to be adhered to during lecture hours and examination hours to curb examination malpractices in the institution

This research aimed to improve written expression (composition) skills of twelve grade students of the Al-Mazar secondary school by using the Tamer-Aien intervention model. The intervention model was designed by using metacognitive strategic concept, techniques, symbols and diagrams. This study was conducted at AlMazar secondary school in Jordan. A total sample of 22 students‟ from the same grade was chosen for the study. The baseline assessment was carried out to explore the preintervention writing skill score of the students prior to the intervention cycle one. Later, intervention and writing skill support strategies were carried out for twelve weeks. In the end, post-test was carried out to explore the differences occurred in the writing score of the students as a post-intervention effect. The findings obtained from the quantitative data showed the improvement in the written expression skills of the students. It was observed that through taking the above-mentioned measures, the teachers can help students improve their writing skills. Data were analyzed using the independent Mann-Whitney U test followed by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The results showed that there was a positive effect on the students writing performance from the pretest at the beginning of intervention program up to the posttest at the end of the intervention program. The findings have implications for pedagogy as well as for research.

The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between students’ perception and performance .The theories that guided the study were theory of leaning and Constructivism theory. In this study the design used was correlation survey design. The target population that involved in this study is 16 public schools in Moshi municipality. Samplings used in this study were stratified and simple randomly sampling. The instruments that used to obtain the data in this study were questionnaire for students and interview schedule for teachers. The main findings were Perceptions of students towards science subjects in Moshi municipality Relationship between student’s perception and academic performance towards science subjects in Moshi municipality, Improvement perceptions of students towards science subjects and challenges facing students’ performance on science subjects in Moshi municipality. The study concluded that there is strong relationship between students’ perceptions and performance towards science subjects. The researcher made recommends that the ministry of education and vocational training must establish union among students who studying science subjects and prepare gifts and incentives for all students who performing better in science subjects, this situation will increase interest of students to study science.