This study examined the basic measurement theories (classical test and item response theories) and psychometric properties of the adopted 2016 - 2017 National Examination Council (NECO) mathematics examination instruments in Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The research design adopted for the study was the instrumentation design. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of one thousand three hundred and fifty one (1,351) students across the local government area in the zone. Two instruments, namely the 2016 and 2017 NECO mathematics multiple choice tests were used for data collection. A trial test of the instruments on 60 comparable non sample group showed reliability (KR20) indices of .91 and .94 for the 2016 and 2017 versions respectively. Difficulty indices ranged between .20 and .85 as well as .10 and .91 respectively for the two years. Discrimination indices were .42<d< 1.00 and .31< d< .89 respectively for the two versions. The final administration yielded data that were collated and analyzed using 2-way repeated measure ANOVA and chi-square statistics. Statistical analysis, showed that the item difficulty and item location, item discrimination indices and ‘a’ parameter and the option distraction powers of the 2016 and 2017 NECO mathematics multiple choice tests were significantly different. It was concluded that significant difference exist between psychometric properties using the different measurement theories. Based on these findings, it was recommended that NECO should use the item response theory (IRT) in assessment for its relative merit over the CTT among others.

This study examined the influence of psychosocial variables on social networking among senior secondary school students in Obingwa Local Government Area (LGA) in Aba educational zone of Abia State. Two research questions were posed and two hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The study employed descriptive survey design. The population of the study consist of senior secondary school students in Obingwa LGA within 2017/2018 academic year. The respondents were drawn from five schools out of 17 existing schools using the stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires was use for data collection. The instrument was validated by two experts in measurement and Evaluation, and educational psychology. Two research questions were answered with descriptive statistics and the hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significantly. Results of the study indicated that self-esteem and family type do not significantly influence social networking among students. While self-actualization significantly influences social networking among senior secondary school students in Obingwa LGA. Based on findings, it was recommended that stakeholders in education should collaboratively develop ways to capitalized on social network technologies in education system while ensuring effective safeguards are in place.

Supervision is the most powerful activity in attaining organizational goals. There are different approaches in the field of academic supervision. The purpose of the study is to justify whether the primary school supervisor’s belief is democratic or bureaucratic approach? A survey model has been used and a pre-determined survey tool was used for data collection, where 125 primary school supervisors provided data willingly by simple random sampling. The results of primary school supervision indicates, 64% of the school supervisors believe in democratic views of supervision, whereas the trend differs depending on working experience or seniority, as well as educational background of supervisors.

Humor-based teaching is gaining an increased attention from academicians and researchers all over the world. However, its outcomes and contextual factors which make it effective or ineffective are still not clear due to the limited research in this domain. In the present study, the focus is on understanding the effects of humor-based teaching in the university setting. The study utilized a cross-sectional method for data collection and a quantitative approach for data analysis. Data is collected from students in the graduation program in a higher educational institute in Oman. The key findings of the study are that out of three dimensions of humor-based teaching, psychological comfort significantly influences students' academic performance measured in terms of semester GPA and CGPA. The findings highlight that humor-based teaching is important and needs to be given greater attention in this context.

Independence is one _ aspect necessary development _ developed since age early. The independence of children is not an innate trait but through their existence learning process and need trained since age early, influencing factors independence child consist from pattern foster from parents, secure attachment and children 's social interactions. From the results of initial observations and interviews, it can be concluded that the level of independence of children is still relatively low. Destination study this is for describe and analyze influence pattern foster parents secure attachment on children's independence through interaction social child. This research uses quantitative descriptive research with a total sample of 137 child group B in sub- district kindergarten North Banjarbaru. The technique of collecting data is by observing and distributing questionnaires. The techniques used in analyzing the data are multiple correlation techniques and path diagrams to show an overview of the relationship between variables according to the assumptions used. Research results show that: (1) Parenting pattern tend use pattern foster democratic, secure attachment, children's social interaction, and independence child included in the category height; (2) there is a positive and significant relationship between the pattern foster to social interaction; (3) there is a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment in the family to children's social interactions; (4) there is a positive and significant relationship between parenting pattern for children's independence; (5) there is a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment in the family towards independence child; (6) there is a positive and significant relationship between social interaction on children's independence; (7) there is a positive and significant relationship between parenting patterns through social interaction on children's independence; (8) there is a positive and significant relationship Among secure attachment through social interaction on children's independence. Conclusion: there are influence by partial and simultaneous from pattern foster parents secure attachment on children's independence through interaction social child. Should head kindergarten unit for together build positive communication _ moment communicate with teachers and parents for analyze development independence in children. This thing could conducted with open a sharing forum or swap opinion with teachers and parents about problem nor development child age early.

The purpose of this study is to describe the practicality of the mushroom material e-handout which was developed to train students' critical thinking skills. This study uses the R&D method with the ADDIE model. The stages of the ADDIE development model are carried out through 5 stages, namely Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The e-handout is written in a communicative language, equipped with pictures and illustrations that can attract students and contain critical learning activities. Small group test subjects were conducted on 9 students and field tests were conducted on 25 students. Data obtained from practicality instruments were analyzed descriptively. The results of student responses got a value of 90% with the criteria of strongly agreeing and the results of the implementation of 84% with very good criteria. This shows that the developed e-handout is practical for developing critical thinking skills.