In spite of the conscious effort by the Babangida administration to combat unemployment by establishing NDE in 1986, unemployment has been on the increase. This study, therefore, attempted to examine NDE and its mandate in the country. Official documents were employed in data collection. The study revealed, among others, that NDE as a programme aimed at combating unemployment has recorded a mixed bag of some successes and continuing challenges. It was, therefore, recommended that the Directorate should be re-examined and possibly overhauled to enhance its performance. It should also be properly funded.

This work presents the fundamentals and application of transient model-based leak detection and localization technique for crude oil pipelines. The dynamic parameters involved in this model such as pressure, flow and temperature were acquired by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. The characteristic changes in the flowmechanics and thermodynamics along a given length of pipeline were used in detecting, localizing and determining the flow rate of the leak. Measurement of pressure, temperature and flow data at both the inlet and outlet of the pipeline were used in formulating the equations obtained from the inconsistency in the continuity and law of conservation of momentum equations. This model located a leak incident in a horizontal pipeline of length 2000m and diameter 0.3556m carrying Nigeria bonny light crude oil from the Nigeria Petroleum Development Company Limited, Olomoro flowstation into UPS (Ughelli Pump Station) truck line. But the leak located by the model at 1088.12m from the inlet is 11.88m behind the actual leak position of 1100m as discovered during the pipeline leak remedial works.

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity play a crucial role in mediating ill-health, and are commonly seen in postmenopausal women. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility that a person’s risk of developing hypertension, diabetes or obesity can be influenced by their ABO blood type, Rhesus factor or both, among postmenopausal females. This cross-sectional study covered randomly selected 201 postmenopausal women, mean age 53.5±6.6 (±SD) years, from Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index measurements and ABO/Rhesus blood groups of all the participants were determined and correlated for each other. Analysis of the data revealed that in the ABO/rhesus blood system, the prevalence of hypertension , diabetes mellitus and obesity was 43.3%, 38.8% and 13.9%, which 14.4% versus 13.2%, 13.9% versus 13.2%, and 5.0% versus 4.0% are associated with O versus B rhesus positive blood groups respectively and are invariably higher than other blood groups. Data analysis further revealed a complex and positive association thus: hypertension comorbidly occurred with diabetes (21.5%), overweight (20.9%), normoglyceamic (18.9%), normal body weight (13.0%), obesity (9.4%) and prediabetes (2.9%) respectively. Additionally, diabetes combined with overweight (20.4%), prehypertension (12.6%), obesity (9.4%), normal body weight (9.0%) and normotension (4.7%). More so, obesity coexisted with prediabetes (4.5%) and/or prehypertension (4.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that the incidence and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes or obesity risk for blood group O subjects are in the order of the ratio 1:1 compared with subjects having B blood group.

Seaweed known was macroalgae are among the most important primary producers and act as ecological engineers on rocky coasts of the world’s oceans. They are primary producers, shelter, nursery grounds and food source for marine organisms. Seaweed are not only of high ecological, but also of great economic importance. The present study deals with the distribution of seaweed, during the sea shore survey conducted in the Manapad coastal region of Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu. During the study period, a total of 20 species of seaweed were recorded. Among them Sargassum sp., Padina sp., Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., Hypnea sp., and Amphiroa sp., were present throughout the study period.

Illegal logging of rosewood has become an environmental concern in the Northern Region of Ghana. Some affected districts in the region include; West Gonja, Central Gonja, East Gonja and Kpandai Districts. This study was conducted on illegal logging of Rosewood in Northern Ghana using Kabonwule in the Kpandai district as a case study because of the varied domestic uses of rosewood and the implications of its depletion. The study design adopted was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches while the research methodology was case study and descriptive survey. The sample frame was 350 with a sample size of 70. Data was collected using interview guides, analyzed and presented in tables using Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) version 16. Results of the study indicated that illegal logging of Rosewood was a major environmental problem in the study area. Estimates by affected farmers indicated large scale destruction of farm lands by illegal logging of rosewood. High demand for Rosewood and corruption were concluded as the main causes of the illegal logging activity. Government should review existing laws to ensure that punishments for illegal logging activities are severe enough to discourage perpetrators.

Aims the study was to reveal the morphological changes of cells of human palatine tonsils (PT), atypical cells and trichomonas in PT of patients in diverse diseases. Cytological material of PT of 1300 patients (male, female, aged 13 - 85) has been examined. Specimens of PT's cells were obtained by scraping from PT and placed as smears onto microscopic slides, stained by Giemsa and observed by a light microscopy (patent No. 2 293 298 C2, Russian Federation, 2007). 280 patients had malignant solid tumours of different localization, 19 patients had leukemia, 30 were practically healthy, the rest had different infections and inflammation diseases. Trichomonas were revealed from PT of male patients with iron deficiency anemia (1), remote melanoma (2), leukemia (3), lung cancer (2), trichomonas vaginalis (1) and practically healthy men (30). These patients did not suspect they were infected by trichomonas. No any trichomonas were obtained from health patients. These data support the idea that the test should be made in the following cases: (1) Patients in trichomoniasis and in other sexual infections. (2) Patients in neoplasm. (3) Patients in anemia. (4) Patients in pulmonary diseases. (5) Patients-perverted. The test can help to diagnosis and adequate treatment of trichomoniasis and other diseases.

The aim of the study was to observe and analyze the prescribing pattern of anti diabetic drugs in medicine ward. This study was a descriptive cross sectional study/ prospective observation study. The study was conducted at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital (RMMCH), Annamalai University, Chidambaram, a 1250 bedded multi specialty tertiary care University teaching hospital located in rural India. Analyze the prescription as per the WHO Prescribing Indicators. The following are the parameters: Prescribing indicator, Patient care indicator and Facility indicator. A prescribing practices measure the performance of health care providers in several key dimensions related to the appropriate use of drugs. The indicators are based on the practices observed in a sample of clinical encounters taking place at outpatient health facilities for the treatment of acute or chronic illness. A total of 1232 drug products were prescribed. Thus, the average number of drugs per prescription or mean was 4.83. The total number of drugs prescribed by generic name was 40.01% (493 drugs), 32.46% drugs prescribed with diabetic medication and 67.54% of drugs prescribed with the management of co morbidity diseases conditions, 17.04% of prescription containing injections that include insulin, antibiotics, GIT and some vitamins. Almost all drugs (58.76%) prescribed from Tamilnadu EDL, as well as RMMCH drug list. Drugs prescribed from an Essential Drug List (EDL) were 74.30%. Since Insulin can be administered only by subcutaneous route, % of injections (17.04%) comprise only of insulin injection. Among the 255 patients the average consultation time with prescribe was 8.40 minute and the average dispensing time in medical store was 7.2 minute. About 30.58% patients have good knowledge about the correct dosage of each tablet. Present study shows that the majority of diabetes patients were in the age group of 40 -60 years. Resulting in the development of diabetic related complications in most productive years of life, as compared to western studies were mean age is around 60 years, Prescription pattern analysis showed that most of the patients were on combination therapy 51.37% and followed by monotherapy 48.62%, Commonest drugs used in monotherapy were sulfonylureas, Insulin and metformin. The commonest two drug combinations were sulfonylureas with metfomin. There are no overall changes in prescription pattern by the physicians during the three year study period

Abstract: The long time of exploitation of water injection in Daqing oilfield is now in the high water cut stage, the oil water distribution in the reservoir becomes more and more complex, and its motion law is more and more difficult to predict. The reservoir dynamic analysis and numerical simulation method to study the remaining oil, to maximize the use of existing test and production data, study the high water cut period within the reservoir remaining oil distribution, realize the rule of oil-water movement and accurate pre measured remaining oil distribution characteristics. The results show that there are 5 kinds of distribution types of remaining oil in the study area: 1)The remaining oil of good sand edge scattered; 2)The main good sand sand edge continuous distribution difference of regional distribution difference of reservoir sand body in;3)The difference in sand layer due to the shielding layer form a contiguous distribution of remaining oil;4)The difference of sand sand alone due to imperfect injection production of remaining oil distribution in the contiguous;5)The difference of reservoir sand body alone too imperfect injection production formation of scattered remaining oil. The remaining oil from the vertical upward research area is the following 5 types of distribution:1)Remaining oil in the low permeability layer of the section;2)Remaining oil in the low permeability layer of the high permeability layer in the section;3)Remaining oil in thick layer sand body;4)Sand pinch out area of the remaining oil in the section;5)The remaining oil sand perforation is not perfect.

Syzygium guineense Willd D.C. (Synonym Memecylon lopezianum. A. Chev) is a leafy forest tree of the family Myrtaceae found in many parts of Africa both wild and domesticated. Its fruits and leaves are edible and the fruits are used for treatment of dysentery. Ethanolic extract prepared from fresh seeds was used for cytotoxicity and antihelmintic testing using Artemia salina and Pherithema posthuma respectively. The dried pulp was analyzed for mineral contents using Delta-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (DPXRF) with a sensitivity of 10 ppm. The ethanolic extract showed antihelmintic activity in a dose dependent manner giving shorter time of paralysis and death compared to the Albendazole tablets. Brine shrimps results gave the LC50 value 9 times higher than the standard drug suggesting absence of toxicity. The fruit pulp contains various amounts of macro elements and micro elements. To our understanding, this is the first study on S. guineense fruits on cytotoxicity and antihelmintic activities and mineral analysis. These preliminary findings indicate S. guineense fruits as a good source of micro and macronutrients as well as potential antihelmintic agent. The study is ongoing to capture various aspects of isolation and identification of bioactive compounds for drug development and establishment of safety

Abstract: Traps are places to capture, aggregate and save the hydrocarbon and are also the most basic unit of hydrocarbon accumulation. So traps come to be the main objects of the hydrocarbon exploration. Now the research of remaining oil is hot. There are a lot of research methods. We can expand the study of remaining oil through its distribution, formation mechanism and influencing factors, thus we can evaluate the remaining oil comprehensively and use it to guide the oil field production and development to achieve the purpose of production increasing.

Abstract: In order to more intuitive understanding of the meandering river point dam reservoir characteristics and effect of water flooding, based on the actual reservoir configuration characteristic, design large scale core physical model. This experiment has the model size is big, high degree of simulation, and the characteristics of the high degree of injection-production controllable, a note four mining method is adopted to improve the water flooding experiment. Water flooding stage is 40.2%, the total recovery degree according to its characteristic curve can be divided into three stages. On analyzing the characteristic of the reservoir internal structure and the structure of degree of water flooding stage of single well production and the influence of residual oil distribution. Combined with the actual scene, and based on the blocking effect of abandoned channel classifying production well, abandoned channel blocking effect is different with different values can result in water flooded production well, the point at the bottom of the dam caused by the different remaining oil distribution. The experimental results show that the production well of different store condition, its recovery degree is different, the influence of seepage channel advantage is also different.

Abstract: Going through depression tectonic units of different conditions of reservoir and cap, trap and conducting research, explore the different tectonic units of the difference of neogene hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, summarize its main controlling factors. Research shows that oil and gas in the study area are first along for vertical migration of oil source faults, sand body lateral migration along, but have certain differences in different tectonic unit. Uplift area big LiuQuan tectonic belt and chu tectonic belt is given priority to with vertical migration of oil source faults, vertical migration distance is longer, an slope zone of slope and He Xi Wu tectonic belt vertical migration distance is shorter, fracture of oil and gas mainly ACTS as vertical adjustment. Uplift area big Liu Quan tectonic belt and chu tectonic belt is given priority to with short distance lateral migration of sand body, an slope zone of slope and He Xi Wu tectonic belt is given priority to with sand body lateral migration, lateral migration distance is longer, strata for oil and gas enrichment is relatively single, oil and gas in zonal distribution.

Abstract: In recent years, seismic waveform inversion, which has attracted wide attention, has greatly contributed to the development of seismic prospecting. Thus, it is of tremendous significance to do further research about seismic wave form inversion. Firstly, the early stage of its development is introduced. Secondly, the seismic waveform inversion is discussed through theories, methods and numerical settings. Finally, a review on the selection of model, inversion methods and the applications of regularization is given.

Abstract: Since the seismic data is not high speeds, limited resolution, for not responding on some of the thin reservoir and the reservoir can not effectively predict earthquakes, so the researchers started use spectral analysis to study hydrocarbon detection and reservoir prediction. Spectral decomposition technique stems from the BP oil company to explain the new technology is based on the frequency domain reservoir, which uses short when the target window Fourier transform technique geological converted from the time domain to the frequency domain to identify, in order to better determine reservoir geometry, improved seismic resolution. This technology is widely pan used for characterization of laterally discontinuous geological anomaly, thin reservoir prediction structure and the judgment of sedimentary environment; we have made a good application in reservoir prediction of gas fields in the work of Affect.

Abstract: Caprock sealing effectiveness refers to the time of oil and gas cap closure forming period and matching relationships among a large amount of hydrocarbon expulsion of source rock phase，if the caprock sealing ability formed earlier than the same period or phase and a large amount of hydrocarbon expulsion of source rock, can be closed living source rocks from a large number of oil and gas, oil-gas sealing is effective on time; on the contrary, if the caprock sealing ability formed later than a large amount of hydrocarbon expulsion of source rock, closed the caprock can live amount of oil and gas mainly depends on the size of the time difference between them, the time difference is smaller, caprock can closed living relative amount of oil and gas, the greater the sealing effectiveness of oil and gas on time is relative, the better; the opposite relatively worse. Thus it can be seen that to study the effectiveness of the cap rock oil-gas sealing time must first determine caprock sealing ability formation and the large amount of hydrocarbon expulsion of source rock.