Antiretroviral therapy (ART) causes disturbances in the normal function of the endocrine system and has been associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients on treatment. More data on thyroid dysfunction are needed in Zimbabwe to persuade the country program to institute routine monitoring if needed. We sought to establish if ART exposure is associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients. A cross-sectional study with two comparative groups was conducted between 1 October and 31 December 2016. The participants included HIV-infected persons aged 18+ years who attended Opportunistic Infections (OI) clinics in urban areas around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Patient samples were tested at the Parirenyatwa Serology Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe. The two comparative groups were defined as cases and controls. Cases were HIV positive patients with thyroid dysfunction whilst controls were HIV positive patients without thyroid dysfunction. Participants included 100 females and 93 males who were on ART. The mean age was 34.6 (10.2) years and median age was 33.0 (43.5-68.3) years. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 45.6% and all cases had hypothyroidism. Sex was not associated with thyroid dysfunction, but thyroid dysfunction was more significant in older patients (P=0.031). This study confirms that ART is associated with thyroid dysfunction in older HIV patients on ART. These results are worrying and may suggest a need for the country HIV program to establish strategies to mitigate this. It is cause for concern because the presence of an untreated thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients will worsen their prognosis.

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of gliclazide in human plasma was developed and validated. Using glipizide as an internal standard (IS), separation was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (pH= 2.5±0.2 adjusted with phosphoric acid) (55:45, v:v), and delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. 0.5 ml plasma samples were deproteinized with dichloromethane and centrifuged. 100 µl supernatant clear solutions were injected to HPLC system. The eluent was monitored spectrophotometricly at 230 nm. No interference in blank plasma or of commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship between the concentration of gliclazide in plasma and peak height ratio of gliclazide to the IS was linear over the range of 0.05-10.0 μg/ml. Intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation (CV) and bias were 3.1% to 6.8% and 3.8% to 9.3% respectively. Mean extraction recovery of gliclazide and the IS from plasma samples was 94% and 87% respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of gliclazide under various conditions generally encountered in the clinical laboratory. Stability for processed and unprocessed samples was ≥ 90% and ≥ 93% respectively

Comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out for products of sugarcane in an attempt to find the effect of burning and the time taken from cut to mill on cane deterioration and dextran levels in sugars and by-products (molasses) from HalfaAlgadidah Sugar Factory for three varieties cane (V1, V2 and V3); corresponding to Co-6806, Co-527 and Co-986 at six periods (T1, T2, T3, T4 , T5 , T6)corresponding to (3 , 6 , 12 , 24 , 36 and 48) hours, respectively, during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons. Randomized complete plot design with three replications was used in this study. After harvest, the dextran levels were the same in the three varieties for the same duration, but they were significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 between burnt and green cane at different times. The average levels of dextran in sugars, juices and molasses were increased with the time taken from cut to mill. The dextran levels in sugar and molasses were ranged (296 – 1860, 412 – 2247) ppm for the duration of 3 to 48 hours after harvesting, respectively. The deterioration products, such as dextran, formed quickly and increased rapidly with the time taken from cut to mill, for burnt cane more than green cane.

This paper deliberates the scenario of managing governments in general and narrows to Tanzania government, specifically the administration of the fourth regime of president of the United Republic of Tanzania, His excellence, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete. The paper traces the execution of the four regimes of presidency from 1961 to 2015 and makes some examinations on the events and decisions made during these regimes through an eye of a specialist. The study is a review in nature and assimilates qualitative techniques in discussing and analyzing information. Documentation, observation and experiential are the major information collection strategies employed in the study. The paper concludes by setting four propositions: First, that although it is evident that most fabulous practices are manifested during the Kikwete regime yet most of them did not originate from his regime. Secondly, that the revealed evil practices give a signal that the regime of Kikwete was transparent. Third, that the decisions that were made by his regime of accepting resignation of eminent ministers, signals prudence and reliability of the government. Fourth, that the decisions that were taken to revisit the mining contracts out of the main documents suggest courage, brilliance and objectivity of the President in dealing with national matters. Further, that the discussion reveals that observing the four regimes on comparative analysis, the fourth regime, has managed to best intervene on the fundamental problems of the community namely ignorance, disease and poverty. The challenge however, remain to be on improvement in competence based recruitment, promotion and appointment in political and semi-political positions. As noted by gurus of management and governance- the major problem facing the developing countries is not on governance systems but lack of competence based recruitment, appointments and promotion.

Within the last two decades, tuberculosis (TB) has shown an unprecedented and rather unexpected re-emergence despite achievements in immunization, provision of heath care facilities, discovery of drugs and better understanding of the disease. The Northwest Region of Nigeria is one of those corridors through which the transmission of the disease could be enhanced due to seasonal migration of pastoralists serving as carriers of the disease, going by their mobile lifestyle. This paper tried to examine the prevalence of the disease in this area, with the aim of identifying the environmental risk factors associated with it, among others. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on 461 patients receiving treatment as sample across the DOTS centres along Fulani route of seasonal migration. Analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics and the logistic regression while significance test was done using ANOVA. Results indicated that ‘ever been diagnosed of lung and heart-related diseases’ had the highest contribution in the model (B=4.943), followed by ‘ever stayed with a TB patient’ (B=2.213) and then ‘family member ever been infected with TB’ (B=1.411). However, the ANOVA test on number of persons sleeping in a room indicated no statistically significant difference in the means of the groups, F (15, 89) = 1.117; p = 0.354. It was concluded that contact with the index and overcrowding play a role in the prevalence of TB in the study area and therefore recommend further studies on individual risk factors so as to guide disease surveillance and control.

Head nurses are the important part of administration. The responsibilities of head nurses are to manage the nurses properly and provide the best quality of care to the patients. The provision of the supportive leadership can retain the employees in the long run and better health care services can be ensured. The purpose of the current study is to illuminate the effect of leadership styles of head nurses on staff nurses’ turnover. The study is of explanatory and quantitative study design. The cross-sectional survey technique was used. The 21 items questionnaire was used and distributed to 153 nurses of the Ittefaq hospital Lahore, Pakistan to assess the impact of head nurse’s leadership styles on staff nurse’s turnover intentions. The results show that 35.5% variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. However, the current study results indicate that transactional leadership style has significant positive relationship with turnover intentions and transformational leadership style has significant negative relationship with nurses’ turnover intention. Therefore, head nurses of the private hospitals should use the transformational leadership style to overcome the issue of nurses’ turnover

It is commonly acknowledged that Government worldwide resettled people and communities (particularly those along river channels) from one geographical area to another on the basis of real, perceived and lingering threat, danger, catastrophe or epidemic. The contention of this paper is that despite the fact that most resettlement schemes are meant for the benefit of the community at large, the manner under which the resettlement scheme was conceived, planned and implemented failed to take into consideration the views/inputs of members of the community. The resultant effect leads to loss of livelihood, tension, violence and conflict in the affected communities and overall failure of the intended benefit of the scheme. This paper examines resettlement scheme at Gidan Salihu, Goronyo Local Government Area of Sokoto state focusing on the viability of the scheme and livelihood deprivation and challenges it places on the victims and the community. Data for this study was obtained via administration of questionnaire to those affected by the resettlement scheme selected via purposive and systematic sampling techniques as well as Focus Group Discussion with community leaders. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the choice of the respondents and systematic sampling technique was used to select respondents to be administered with questionnaire at the interval of every 6th respondents. A total of 216 respondents were selected via systematic sampling technique. Key findings of the study reveals that majority of those affected by the resettlement scheme lost their farm lands, source of pasture and water for their livestock and compelling them to resides in an unfamiliar housing settings reflecting more of an urban setting than rural. Majority of the victims refused to relocate to the new environment stressing that it is better to continue to live under threat of hazard than to live in an area which will render them economically and socially vulnerable to poverty and hopelessness. The study concludes by recommending involvement of community members in decisions and policies affecting the livelihood of displaced communities.

The purpose of this study was to examine effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Internet banking under technology acceptance model extended from theory of reasoned action entails the inclusion of technology or information system within the operations of a bank. Internet banking is about creating complementary distribution channels in form of information technology. The study used descriptive survey research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to meet the objective. The proposed study area was Kisumu City targeting all the 34 commercial banks. A total of 11 banks were picked through a simple random sampling strategy. In addition, 5 employees were picked from each commercial bank through a simple random sampling strategy, while 11 branch managers purposively sampled from the selected banks. Therefore, the total number of participants forming a representative sample was 66 comprising of 55 employees and 11 branch managers of which there was a response rate of 92.7 for employees and 100% for branch managers. A combination of primary and secondary sources of data was used to obtain data. The primary sources included self-administered questionnaires and interviews. Document analysis was used to collect secondary data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics(frequency and percentages). Statistical analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. All the results of the quantitative analysis were presented in tables, charts, and graphs while the results of qualitative analysis presented in form of themes. From the quantitative analysis, the study established a positive effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks. The qualitative findings also established that there is a positive effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks. Based on the findings, the study recommends that commercial banks enhance their internet banking.

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between sportspersonship orientations and positive thinking levels of the athletes in the team branch. In this study, Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale and Positive Thinking Skills Scale were used as data collection tools. Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v20 software package was also used to analyze the data. For analyses of the data, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis were applied in the analysis of the data. As a result, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between athletes’ positive thinking scores and adherence to social norms, respect for rules and officials and respect for opponent.

During the 1970’s the world’s economy began slowing even as government programs were growing as a result of fiscal distress, and Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was seen as an attempt to rationally manage the size and scope of government as well as a remedy for dealing with the austerity. The aim of this study, therefore, is to ascertain whether the perceived benefits of Zero-Based budgeting would significantly influence its adoption in Borno state. Stratified sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 103 drawn from the total population of 139. Binary logistic regression was employed to predict whether the predictor variable namely, perceived benefits have significant influence or not on the dependent variable, that is, the adoption of ZBB. The finding of the study establish that it is possible to adopt ZBB in Borno state because it is politically feasible as the covariate suggest, perceived benefits was statistically significantly related to the adoption of ZBB in the state. We, therefore, recommend for the adoption of ZBB in the state So as to embark upon administrative reforms to incorporate policies and prioritize their public spending projects based on the fundamental principles of zero-based budgeting system in order to accomplish it perceived benefits.

This article relates precarious work, a symbol and axis of social relations in contemporary capitalism, to one of its most negative aspects relating to the generation of social barbarism that mainly affects working classes around the world.

The diversity in reformed governmental financial information systems created a need for harmonized international accounting standards, resulting in the elaboration of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. International accounting literature provides evidence that accounting quality has economic consequences such as costs of capita, similarly Financial reporting by public sector entities providing concepts that will underpin the development of international public sector accounting standards and recommended practice guidelines. Likewise, Gross National Product is the market value of all the products and services produced in a year by Labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country, unlike gross domestic product which defines production based on the geographical location of production. In Nigeria inadequate economic growth is the main cause of poverty, economy has a very narrow and weak base, depending most on exploration of petroleum crude oil as a major source of income. The findings indicated that the development of the private sector depends largely on the activities in the public sector in developing countries as Nigeria. It is concluded that there is a great number of poverty which was among due to high and growing unemployment that exacerbated the level of poverty. It is recommended that private sectors should not depend on the activities in the public sector; they should improve their own activities by training and retraining, organize workshop and agricultural sector which was ignored to be revived into life.

The object of this research at PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) unit Jakarta Bintaro Jaya 1 is a branch under the coordination of Regional V Jakarta 3 area of beautiful cottage Jakarta, consisting of 12 units of micro office with Case Study on Micro Credit Loan. This bank has a commitment to provide ease of lending as an additional business capital for Micro Entrepreneur (UM) or UMKM. More than 80 percent of business units in Indonesia are UM / UMKM. During the period of 5 years (2010-2014) the provision of credit / UMKM decreased. In addition, the number of non-performing loans (NPLs) from the UM / UMKM sector has increased significantly. The relationship quality management (CRM) index has declined over the last five years, so there needs to be an effort to improve relationship quality (CRM) and service quality. This will be able to improve the image of banking. The purpose of this research is to develop brand image with CRM and service quality. Unit of analysis of micro business credit debtors, population 558 and samples of 100 customers with slovin techniques. Analysis method with quantitative analysis. Analysis technique with Path analysis, followed by determination analysis (RSquare), Testing of partial hypothesis (t test) and simultaneous (F test) with alpha 5 percent. Before the analysis with the first path analysis in the test questionnaire research with validity and reliability test as well as classical assumptions. SPSS version 22.0 analysis tool. The research result is that Customer Relationship Management and Service Quality have an effect on Brand Image either partially, simultaneously, directly and indirectly.

The aim of study is to find out the way credit cards are being used by young people, based on a series of recommendations suggested by Mexico´s National Commission for the Protection and Defense of Financial Services Users (CONDUSEF for its acronym in Spanish). Also, the paper aims to know if this population has the necessary information to use their credits in a responsible way, because the data from the research by Solano et al. (2015), which identifies the “Determinants of credit card use in Mexico”, lead us to question the role of financial education or lack of it among young Mexicans. Thereby, real tests are carried out to corroborate the afore-mentioned, by means of a survey applied to the young people from Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Pastoral approach for the Synoptic Problem, a simplified approach of studying the Synoptic Gospels with Church members. This study was done in Musoma town Tanzania to help Seventhday Adventist (SDA) members harmonize between their belief on trustworthiness of the word of God and the differences and similarities which emerge in the story of Gadarene demoniac in the Synoptic Gospel. The research design employed qualitative approach. The researcher used contextual Bible Study theory to re-read the Gadarene demoniac story whereby interviews and focus group discussions followed thereafter. 368 church members were divided to 46 Focus Groups Discussions with 8 members per each group, four Pastors were put in one session of Focus Group Discussion and four church leaders were interviewed separately in their offices. The researcher did a Biblical exegesis for the linkage of SDA church belief and Biblical context. Research finding revealed that, SDA church in Musoma believes that writers who had different education, background and personality were inspired with thoughts were led to compose their canonical gospels focusing on the need of their audiences. The writing process made them focus on specific issues which in turn affected their style, form, rhythm, occurrences, inclusion and vocabulary of each presenter and finally differences and similarities came upon their canonical gospels. Further study of the pastoral approach for the Synoptic Problem in the scope of other denominations and relationship between inspiration and the free use of intellectual knowledge of Biblical authors are recommended.