Snake bite is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries like India. In India, the most important venomous snakes are cobra, krait, Russell’s viper and saw-scaled viper. This study was undertaken in a teaching hospital of West Bengal to find out the epidemiological profile and clinical presentations of snake bite cases in a defined geographical area of rural West Bengal. Data were collected from the snake bite cases came to emergency and internal medicine department of a tertiary level Medical College and Hospital since March 2013 to February 2014. In the study, 685 snake bite cases were reviewed over a one year period. Most common presenting symptoms were swelling at the site of bite (56.05%) and hematuria (27.59%).18.97% cases reached hospital within 4 hours and 22.48% cases within 4 to 8 hours. 8.02% cases presented with acute kidney injury, overall mortality rate was 5.48%. Snake bite is one of the common life threatening emergencies in the study area. Delay in hospitalization is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality.

Abstract: Simulated the reservoir conditions(47.5℃) of the PuBei reservior G2 block in Daqing oil field，the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of both hydrophobic associating polymer and the common polymer with middle relative molecular mass are measured and the oil displacement experiments using the three layers of heterogeneity of artificial core were carried out. Then the results of the experiment were analyzed. The experimental results show that under the condition of different concentrations and different viscosity, the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of hydrophobic associating polymer are both higher than the common one obviously. Advanced treated wastewater., whose salinity is 5366 mg/L, was used for preparation of polymer solution. The oil displacement efficiency in the three layers of synthetic of heterogeneous cores shows that the oil recovery enhanced by 700mg/L of hydrophobic associating polymer is 16.11%, which is 3.57% higher than by 1200mg/L of common polymer on the basis of water drive recovery factor. Then hydrophobic associating polymer has a better oil displacement effect for the low permeability core and is more suitable for the polymer flooding in PuBei reservior G2 block.

The oral care is essential component of nursing job and it have great impact on patient’s safety and comfort during hospitalization. It prevent from hospital acquired infections. Mortality and morbidity rates are increased due to poor oral hygiene .Nurses are accountable for oral care but oral care is neglected in hospitals due to poor knowledge, attitude and practices. The aim of study was to determine nurse’s knowledge, attitude and practices towards oral care. Quantitative, descriptive cross sectional study design was used to achieve the aim of the study. The study was conducted in services hospital Lahore, Pakistan. The study population was registered nurses working in services hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Sample size was be 222. Data was collected by convenience sampling. Tools: for data collection: I: Demographic characteristics, 2: Mouth hygiene knowledge sheet, 3: Attitudes regarding oral care, Part 4: Practice towards oral care. The data was analyzed using (SPSS) mainly descriptive statistics methods percentage distribution. Chi square to test the associations between variables. Results: the mean and St. D of the age of participants was 1.77+ 0.800 with maximum experience of 1 - 5years 38.7% (n= 86). Educational level of participants was diploma in Nursing 69.8% (n= 115). The nurses had knowledge had fair knowledge >50% and Attitude level was negative < 60% and Practice level was poor < 60%.Majority of nurses do not perform oral care and give it less priority Oral hygiene care is often missed and neglected care. There is need to improve the nurse’s knowledge and practice by training sessions, seminar and workshops. Nurses are in great need to improve the skill and competency to improve patient quality care

Curcumin and Artemisinin are a poorly water-soluble drugs and its poor oral bioavailability is very low. A new self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has been magnificently developed to improve the solubility of curcumin and Artemisinin. Appropriate compositions of SMEDDS formulation were selected via solubility studies of curcumin and Artemisinin. The formulation of SMEDDS was optimized by D-Optimal Mixture design. The optimal formulation of SMEDDS was comprised of 3ml surfactant (Tween 80), 1 ml of co-surfactant (PEG 400) and 1 ml oil (Oleic acid). The solubility of curcumin (4.4 mg/3ml) and Artemisinin (73.4 mg/3ml) was increased considerably in SMEDDS. The average particle size of SMEDDS-containing curcumin and Artemisinin was 150.7 nm. The diffusion study (in vitro) showed that more than 63.81% of curcumin and 54.91% of Artemisinin in SMEDDS could be dissolved in medium with pH 1.2 in 1 hr 30 min. Our study illustrated that the developed SMEDDS formulation held great potential as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of curcumin and artemisinin

Exclusive breast feed is way to nourish a baby with totally human milk without any food and liquid for first 6 months. Breast feed helps to maintain immunity of baby and provide optimal growth and development. Prevalence of exclusive Breast feeding is only 38% in Pakistan. The purpose of recent study was to assess knowledge and attitude of exclusive breast feeding among lactating mothers. This study was conducted in public hospital named as The Children Hospital Lahore. Present study was descriptive cross-sectional in nature. Sample size was 384 lactating mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used to distribute the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21 and results were presented in form of figures and tables. Finding of current study reveal that a mostly 81.3% of the lactating mothers were currently breast feeding their babies. Only 37.8% of the lactating mother was exclusively breast feed and merely 35.9% started breast feeding within an hour of delivery. This study result indicate that mothers have good knowledge about exclusive breast feeding, lactating mothers have neutral attitude towards exclusive breast feeding and poor practice of exclusive breast feeding (37.8%). Present research concludes that mothers holds good knowledge, neutral attitude and poor exclusive breast feeding practices. Prenatal education should be started at antenatal units and outdoors. Health education should be provided at community level to obtain optimal exclusive breast feeding rate

Metabolic syndrome such as type-2 diabetes and obesity is becoming formidable health issue around the world. This study demonstrate the effect of a small molecule 2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolium-1-yl)-3oxoindan-1-olate (DHPO), on metabolic syndrome diet induce obese rats(8-9 weeks old) . Rats were divided into three groups, Two groups were fed either a corn starch–rich (C) or high-carbohydrate, high-fat (H) diet for 16 weeks, the third group (HD) was fed high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, for the first 8 weeks and the diet was supplemented with DHPO (0.4 g/kg food) for a additional 8 weeks. H and C diets contained 68% carbohydrates, as fructose and sucrose in H diet and as polysaccharides in C diet, and C diet contained 24 and 0.7% fat. The high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet produced obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, NAFLD, cardiovascular remodelling, and endothelial dysfunction. DHPO promote glucose disposal and corrected dyslipidaemia in dietary rats (high-carbohydrate, high-fat) by enhanced insulin signalling pathway such as AMPK. In addition, DHPO augmented glucose-uptake in gastrocnemius muscles. Therefore, DHPO may be the novel component that improve endothelial dysfunction and impaired glucose tolerance which cause type-2 diabetes

Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC) is an important tool in rapid diagnosis of a varied spectrum of Hemoglobinopathies. The aim of the study was to detect hemoglobin variants and hematological parameters in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai district of Western India. A total of 130 blood samples were examined on the Bio-Rad Variant CE-HPLC system by β-thalassaemia short program. The concentrations of the haemoglobin variants (%), retention times and the peak characteristics for all hemoglobin fractions were recorded. Blood indices were measured on an automated haematology counter. Out of 130 samples tested in different communities, 69 (53%) were found to have normal HPLC pattern and used as controls. Total 61 (47%) subjects were found to be hemoglobinopathies. Among those having hemoglobinopathies, 2 (3%) had β- thalassaemia major, 20 (33%) β- thalassaemia trait, 1(2%) HbE/β- thal, 2 (3%) Hb-SS, 14 (23%) Hb-S trait and HbS/β- thal respectively. The percentage of sickle-thalassemia double heterozygous subjects was 23% and their number was 22. Other variants were also found and their number was 8. Haemogram of all the study subjects with hemoglobinopathies were altered as compared to those of controls and anisopoikilocytosis, hypochromia, and abnormal red cell distribution width (RDW) were found in majority of cases. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was generally normal to very low. In conclusion, CE-HPLC was found to be a simple, rapid and reliable method for the quantification of HbF, HbA2, HbS and other hemoglobin variants for screening and confirmation of common hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia, β- thalassemia. Abnormal hemoglobins as HbS HbA2 and HbF very common in our study. Scheduled caste had the highest prevalence of hemoglobinopathies

Stress is a sad situation that leads to the desperation of the individual, a situation that occurs when the physical and mental limits of the organism are forced and threatened, affecting the lives of the individual. Individual stress sources include individual needs, capacity and character. Perceived differences, experiences, family problems, relationships among family members, child rearing, education, relatives' work problems, divorce and death are also individual stress factors. The working environment can also be a stress factor. If the competition among the employees in the working environment is not controlled by the managers and the employers, it causes the employees to feel incapacitated and weak in the individuals and thus the working person has difficulty in adjusting to the organization. In terms of the nursing profession, there are many stressful situations in the working environment. In order for the nurse to work more effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to minimize the internal and external factors that cause this stress and to develop effective ways of coping with the stressors as much as possible when the stress is encountered. It is very important to know how to cope with the stressors of the nursing profession from the work and social life and to develop the positive behaviors both in terms of the nursing profession as well as the qualified care the society being served.

Among the many scientists who enriched the scientific panorama in medieval Spain, one of the most important is without any doubt the Cordovan physician and surgeon Abulcasis Al-Zahrawi (circa 936-circa 1013). This paper is an approach to his figure and his main work entitled Kitab al-Tasrif (Book of medical arrangement) with special reference to its treatise XIX which deals to cosmetics and drugs for embellishment of body. The article contains an introduction about the author and the translation into English of some fragments of this part of the Tasrif, according to the Arabic manuscript no.5772 from the National Library of Paris. These translated texts include interesting medieval recipes for treatment of hair of great value for history of medicine and pharmacy

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive plasma cell neoplasm that may either originate de novo (primary PCL) or by leukemic transformation of multiple myeloma (MM) to secondary PCL (sPCL). It is defined by the presence of >2 G/L plasma cells or >20% plasmacytosis of the differential white cell count in the peripheral blood. In this case series, we describe the clinicopathologic, biologic and immunophenotypic, of four patients diagnosed with PCL within a four years period (2013-2016) at CHU Hassan II, Fès, Morocco.

To assure the quality, safety and efficacy of a drug, a drug will be developed, tested, delivered, and used under strict regulatory legislations. Off-label prescribing refers to prescribing or use a registered medicine that not included in the product information. Off-label prescribing is legal, yet common around the world. Pharmacists in the hospitals, clinics, and community pharmacies are in the front line in protecting the general population from being hurt by such OLP. The current study investigated the pharmacist’s attitudes toward OLP. 109 pharmacists were included in the investigation by answering the structured questionnaire. The survey indicated that the pharmacists were well trained to perform a good practice toward the off line use. The current study suggested integrating the efforts of all healthcare professionals to improve the national’s knowledge on medication safety

Polysaccharides define as complex polymers composed of units interlinked with glycosidic bonds originated naturally. Polysaccharides are categorizing in several groups and among them, Gums are those with critical roles in food systems. Guar Gum is imparting softness, emulsification, stabilizing via its addition to formulas. This Gum is a fast soluble in cold water and can be active in a wide range of pH. The aim of this overview is giving an initial concept about guar gum and then convey to an introduction of its applications in food industries

Abstract: The Government of Kenya has issued several circulars regarding class repetition in schools as a policy guideline. However, since the issuance, class repetition is still experienced in most schools across the country. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Government policy initiative as an intervention strategy on class repetition in public primary schools. The study was conducted in Uasin Gishu County comprising of 445 Public Primary Schools. The study found out that, government policy initiative as an intervention strategy, has an influence on class repetition. The study recommended that there should be a review on the role of tuition in primary schools and enhancement of Professional Development for teachers by Government. The study will assist government, schools, head teachers and teachers to address the issue of class repetition in the country. A further study of situational analysis of Professional Development Need analysis for the 21st century be done.

Medicinal plants contain numerous bioactive phytochemicals or bionutrients. Various studies carried out during the past 2– 3 decades on these phytochemicals reveal their important role in preventing chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease. The major classes of phytochemicals with disease-preventing functions are dietary fibre, antioxidants, anticancer, detoxifying agents, immunity-potentiating agents and neuropharmacological agents. Each class of these useful agents consists of a wide range of chemicals with immense potential. Some of these have more than one function. In the present work the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assays of Shorea robusta oleoresin, the triterpenes amyrenol isolated from its defatted portion and Wrightia tinctoria bark ethanol extract were carried out. Amyrenol showed the best highest activity and lowest IC50 value (37.56, 11.61 and 61.14 µg/mL) with cervical cell lines while the other extracts also registered fairly good activity. Amyrenol merits further evaluation as an anticancer agent

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in critical care settings and affects between 9%-27% of mechanically ventilated patients for more than 48 or 72 hours. One of the strategies that reduce the VAP incidence is subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) through a lumen attached to a specialised endotracheal tube. This integrative review aims to investigate the efficacy of intermittent and continuous SSD in reducing VAP among critically ill ventilated patients. A systematic electronic search was conducted via CINAHL, PUBMED, MEDLINE and COCHRANE using the key terms. A manual search was also conducted through the references of retrieved studies, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Sixteen relevant primary articles were identified; twelve studies were conducted on general ICU populations examining intermittent subglottic drainage (ISD) and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS) while four other studies were undertaken in cardiothoracic ICUs investigating CASS. No studies were found concerning the efficacy of ISD in this setting. Current evidence has revealed that ISD and CASS appear to be effective in general ICU settings while CASS did show significant reduction among the cardiothoracic ICU population. It was found that ISD appears to be safer in terms of tracheal damage despite the concerns of secretion pooling. This integrative review concluded that ISD and CASS appears to be effective methods in reducing VAP incidence among general ICU populations. Further research is needed to investigate both methods among cardiothoracic patients. A large randomised controlled trial is also required to compare the two settings and to determine the optimal frequency and suction pressure that could minimise complications.