Marine organisms are potential sources of unique natural products with pharmacological and biological activities. In mariculture, diseases of microbial origin can cause huge economic losses worldwide. The evolution of microorganism resistance to antibiotics has resulted in a growing need for new antibacterial compounds that are effective in veterinary medicine and characterized by limited undesirable side effects. Increased attention has recently been turned to plants as a promising source for metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Achyranthes aspera is one such important plant with various established pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the antibacterial activity of the Achyranthes aspera extract against Vibrio alginolyticus 1374. Aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera was prepared. Different concentrations of the root and stem extracts of Achyranthes aspera were transferred to the agar plates, which had been streaked with the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus; 1374. The plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and the zones of inhibition were measured using well diffusion method. Achyranthes aspera extract showed significant zones of inhibition. Achyranthes aspera showed marked antibacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus 1374.

Kinetic properties and stability studies of pepper chitosanase immobilized on chitin by covalent bond for production of chitooligosaccharides was the main objective of this work. A comparison with the properties that shown by the free one was also carried out. Maximum enzyme activity was observed at 2.825 and 0.576 mg chitosan /reaction mixture for free chitosanase (FC) and immobilized chitosanase (IC), respectively. They followed Michaelis-Menten Kinetics. The values of the Michaelis-Menten constant indicated that IC exhibited higher affinity toward chitosan than that of the free one. Km value was 35.71 mg/reaction mixture for the IC and 17.86 mg/reaction mixture for the free one. The maximum velocities (Vmax) were 12.5 and 47.62 U/mg for IC and FC, respectively. The optimum pH of IC was slightly shifted to acidic range (pH 5.6) from 5.8, which is the optimum for free one. IC exhibited high activity at wide range of temperature from 40 to 60ºC with optimum at 55ºC, while high activity of FC was found at range from 40 to 55ºC with optimum at 45ºC. The thermal and operational stabilities of both free and immobilized chitosanase were also evaluated. Results showed that the immobilization enhanced the enzyme stability. IC showed better thermal stability than the free one. It lost 5-10 % of its original activity after heating at 50oC for 1h, while FC lost 35 % after the same treatment. IC also lost 58% of its original activity after heating at 60oC for 1h, while free one lost 80 % after the same treatment. Results showed 22% rate of hydrolysis after 1 h and reached about 24 and 30 % after 2 and 24 h of hydrolysis. The end product of chitosan hydrolysis by the IC showed N-acetyl glucosamine and mixture of DP 2-6 oligomers. This improvement of the IC properties made it a potential candidate for future use in industrial application especially in chitooligosaccharides production

Antimicrobial resistance became a growing public health problem in the world and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the five types of pathologies which special care should be given. Staphylococcus aureus appear the most prevalent bacteria encountered causing infections in male urethral discharge (MUD) at Cotonou in Benin. It prevalence and it resistance to antibiotics were evaluated. This paper aims to describe the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of S aureus strains isolated from MUD specimens at the National Laboratory (NL) of Heath Ministry. A retrospective study included 81 men at Cotonou suspected MUD during 1st January 2004 and 31st December 2015. MUD swabs were collected and analyzed to identify the bacteria by standard biochemical reactions, screening of trichomonads and detection of intracellular Gram-negative diplococci within phagocytes. The three main pathogens encountered among 81 MUD were Staphylococcus aureus (30/81; 37.04%), Staphylococcus spp (19/81; 23.46%) and Staphylococcus dore (12/81; 14.81%). S aureus susceptibility ranged from 60- 80% for minocyclin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol and gentamycin. But resistance was observed to ofloxacin, kanamycin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, oxacillin, ceftriaxon, tetracyclin, trimethoprim+Sulfonamides and ampicillin between 59-100%. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of routine susceptibility tests to antibiotics in the treatment of S aureus responsible of MUD in Benin.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between organisation design and organisational effectiveness in the Nigerian construction industry. The population of this study was the entire managerial staff population of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc and Setraco Nigeria Limited, both construction companies in Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design and copies of structured questionnaire were administered to a sample of 341 respondents. Proxies for organisation design were drawn from Kates and Galbriath “Star Model” of organisation design. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, while simple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study. The findings of this study indicate that the five elements under study have strong positive relationship with organisational performance. Consequently, it is recommended that management of organisations in the Nigerian construction industry should consider all five elements when designing or re-designing their organisation.

Primary Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is extremely rare and constitutes 0.5- 3% of all gall bladder malignancies. We report a 50-year-old female who presented with vague symptom of right upper quadrant pain. She was operated on a presumptive diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis according to clinical and ultrasonography findings. Histopathological examination showed an infiltrating mass of the gallbladder which revealed well differentiated keratinized squamous cell carcinoma invading full wall thickness. Thorough evaluation revealed no other primary site for the tumor. Pure primary squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is very rarely reported. Clinicians must be aware of its vague clinical presentations.

According to the report of Institute of Medicine (IOM) that about 7,000 of death are occur annual because of the medication error which is going worse day by day. The effect of medication error is not good for patient health. It reduces the efficiency of health care system. It is also evident from the report of IOM that about 1.5 million of people are injured because of the medication administration error and annual expense for treating those patient take more than 3.5 billion Dollars annually which is a great expense. This all happen just because of the medication administration error. To assess the barriers to which minimize reporting medication administration error among nurses in Services hospital Lahore. This study was carried out by using a cross sectional descriptive study design in Services Hospital Lahore. Data was taken from the staff nurses and the total sample size was 222. Response from the participants was taken through simple random sampling techniques.Spss21 version used for descriptive analysis and applied chi square and one sample t-test. The results after study show 35% of the staff nurses were agree that they didn’t recognize an error occurred properly while 16% were disagree. 41% of staff nurses were agree that while reporting an medication error then the colleagues will be think that they are incompetent while 38% of the nurses were disagree to this statement. 68% of staff nurses were agree that it is very important for a Hospital to have proper medication error reporting system while 20% were disagree, 62% of staff Nurses were agree that the response of hospital administration doesn’t match with the severity of case while 24% disagree. The barriers which play a vital role in underreporting of medication error is the fear of staff nurses form the hospital management and the response of hospital administration

The scalp is a specific anatomic district, in which the most elevated density of pilo-sebaceous follicles is available and terminal hairs are concentrated. Scalp lesions are the most disregarded since they are not effortlessly seen with ensuing deferral in recognition and late treatment. This examination is expected to decide the histopathological investigation of Scalp Lesions. The present review think about assessed 65 instances of scalp lesions from the record of one of the tertiary care hospital of Uttar Pradesh over a span of three years. All the histopathologically demonstrated instances of scalp lesions were explored and clinical points of interest were gotten from the documents. Age, sex, and histology of the considerable number of examples were assessed. Among the 65 cases, 38 (58%)) cases were benign lesions. The male to female proportion was 1.5:1. Benign conditions were most conspicuous and small portion were malignant. Age appropriation in benign lesions was 20-40 years though malignant lesions were found in the elderly. Scalp injuries are uncommon, benign lesions are more common. For each situation of a scalp lesion a wide differential conclusion must be considered. Enhanced clinical experience and hospital participation with more thorough detailing would yield more illustrative information.

Nurses are facing practice problems that causes disturbing and stressful situation. The most common and prevalent issue is moral distress. Moral distress is affecting performance of professional nurses at health care setting. Cross-sectional study design was used. Questionnaire consisted on 5 point Likert scale adopted was used to know the impact of moral distress on nurse’s performance with sample size 187 Nurses from Public Hospital Lahore. Finding of the study shows that there is a significant negative (reciprocal) impact of moral distress on performance of nurses The current study concludes that moral distress decrease the job performance of the nurser’s at hospital settng. This study revealed the negative relationship between moral distress and nurses’ performance. The study findings will enable the health care organizations to enhance the performance of staff nurses by minimizing the factors that are causing moral distress among nurses. Hospital can arrange workshops and education sessions to give awareness to deal moral distress situations

This study reports baseline information about melanocytic neoplasms in TUTH. The objective was to study the histological spectrum of melanocytic nevi and melanoma, and to make a clinicohistopathological correlation. 50 consecutive cases of melanocytic neoplasms were studied from December 2010 to December 2011.Of the 50 cases, 12 (24%) were malignant melanoma and 38 (76%) were melanocytic nevi. Cutaneous melanocytic nevi was the commonest, 30/38, (79%) followed by 8/38 (21%) conjunctival nevi. Head and neck was the commonest site (25/38) and the mean age at presentation was 32.66 +16.19 years, the female to male ratio being 5.3:1.In melanoma, 4 (33%) were extracutaneous, of the cutaneous, 2 (17%) were acral lentiginous, and 6 (50%) were nodular. Mean age was 50 + 16.99 years with an equal female to male ratio. Commonest site was extremities (6/8) in cutaneous and choroid in extracutaneous (2/4) lesions. Concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnosis were found in 30/50 (60%) cases. Melanocytic nevi are quite common in females, melanoma is rare, affecting men and women equally. In our context melanoma likely represents a sporadic disorder. Difference from the western societies is the common occurrence of nodular melanoma here and the topographical distribution.

The use of herbal medicine in Nigeria is on the increase but unknowingly to consumers, these herbal products may pose severe and devastating health hazards. This study was aimed at studying the adverse impacts posed by either the ethanolic extract ofroot back or leaf extract of Rauwofia vomitoria on cerebellar glycogen. In this study, 30 adult Wistar rats were used and were randormly divided into 6 groups (A, B, C, D and E; n =5). Identification of Glycogen was determined using Periodic Acid Schiff method (PAS). From this investigation, there was a marked increase in the staining intensities of the experimental groups. The staining intensity of PAS was higher in the groups C and D which were given 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Rauwofia vomitoria root-bark when compared to groups E and F which received 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Rauwofia vomitoria. Findings in this study suggest a dose-dependent accumulation of glycogen in the neurons of cerebellum, especially in the Purkinje cells. This could be due to the effects of indole alkaloid constituents (reserpine) of Rauwolfia vomitoria on glycogen synthesis and utilization

Trichomonas vaginalis amongst other STIs facilitate the natural history of HIV infection and may play an important role in the transmission dynamics of HIV. In this study we determined the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection and associated risk factors among HIV-1 infected women attending antiretroviral treatment Center at Jos University of Teaching Hospital. The study was a cross sectional survey of 168 HIV-1 infected women who presented to the STI clinic with symptoms and/or without symptoms of T. vaginalis infection from November 2015 to January 2016 after obtained informed consent. Demographic data and high vaginal swabs were collected by trained nurse. The samples were examined by light Microscope to identify T. vaginalis, Candida species and bacterial vaginosis. Of 168 HIV-1 infected women, 87 (51.8%) were positive for T. vaginalis infection. The rate of co-infection of T. vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis, Candidiasis was 44.8% and 5.7% respectively, both showed no statistical significance, P=0.360. The highest prevalence of T. vaginalis infection 29.8% was among individuals in the 30-41 years age group while the lowest 3.05% was among individuals in the 54-65 years age group. In the univariate analyses; age, occupation, educational status, marital status, previous history of STI, condom use, multiple sexual partners, pregnancy, ART status and symptoms manifestations showed no significant association, but in multivariate analyses, history of STI , symptoms manifestations showed significant association with p>0.05. The high prevalence of T. vaginalis highlights the need for routine screening among HIV-infected women.

Tuberculosis (TB) is commonly associated with poverty and under-nutrition in both developed and developing countries. Being underweight has been associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis in several studies. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted to analyze TB surveillance data from the chest clinic teaching hospital Batticaloa, in SriLanka. Finally, 103 TB patient’s records were analyzed and available data were extracted. The prevalence of underweight among TB patients is 39(37.9%). Obesity and overweight were associated with a significantly lower risk of both clinically active and culture-confirmed tuberculosis

Information plays a key role in helping the recovery of patients of alcohol and drug abuse (ADA). In the rehabilitation centres, ADA patients are engaged in a treatment programme and are expected to integrate back to the society and become productive people. Alongside other medical procedures, information plays an important role in helping in the recovery of patients of alcohol and drug abuse. This study aims to evaluate the access and use of information services to patients of alcohol and drug abuse in Nairobi County, the case of Asumbi Treatment Centre and to suggest ways in which they can be enhanced. The objectives of this study were: to determine the information needs ADA patients in the rehabilitation centre; to establish information seeking habits of ADA patients; to find out how ADA patients use information; to assess the existing information services available to ADA patients; to find out the challenges faced by ADA patients in accessing and using information, and to suggest ways of enhancing provision of information services to ADA patients in rehabilitation centres. This research adopted a case study design and the approach was mixed, having both qualitative and qualitative approaches. The findings revealed that ADA patients have their unique information needs and they experience challenges of accessing and using information. The study identified inadequate facilities for ADA patients to access and use information services in the rehabilitation centre. Among the major recommendations in this study is that ADA rehabilitation centres should establish information centres, and in addition, offer bibliotherapy services to its patients.

This study aimed to study the effects of age and body mass index on infertility, preovulatory endometrial thickness, and pregnancy outcome after ovulation induction/intrauterine insemination. Twenty unexplained infertility women and thirty polycystic ovary syndrome women subjected to ovulation induction/intrauterine insemination were enrolled in this study. Only two polycystic ovarian syndrome women (4%) became pregnant. There was significant effect of age on endometrial thickness for unexplained infertility and polycystic ovarian syndrome women (P=0.02, P=0.05, respectively). Body mass index and endometrial thickness were independent factors for unexplained infertility and polycystic ovarian syndrome women (P=0.26, P=0.4, respectively). Age adversely affected endometrial thickness while body mass index was not correlated with endometrial thickness

In this age of information explosion no library is able to satisfy all the needs of its users due to various constraints. It is because of this phenomenon that the concept of library IMS has developed. To achieve this, those who are responsible for the libraries should take into account their active and passive users. Furthermore, not only the academicians who make use of the libraries but also those who do not make use of them should be considered. It is against this background that this study main purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of opens source Integrated Management Information Systems (MIS) in Libraries, Strathmore University as a case. The objectives of the study were: to determine the effectiveness of open source integrated information management system in use at Strathmore university library, to find out the users’ attitudes towards the integrated management information system at Strathmore University Library’, to find out the challenges facing the integrated management systems in Strathmore university and suggest recommendations that would help in improving the use of Koha at Strathmore University Library. The study utilized a case study and was carried out within Strathmore University. The study found out that the integration of information management system in the provision of library service is to a great degree perceived to be effective. However, there was need for improvement. The findings further revealed that, most members of staff and students have positive attitudes towards the use of Koha at the Strathmore University library. This implies that they would appreciate being trained to use it and support any efforts to improve the system. The study concluded that there were still enormous challenges in integration of the management information system in Libraries due some reasons for instance the constant change of software, internet failure and the lack of technology know how among some clients. The study recommended that there is need for continuous training to students and staff to keep then abreast of the technological changes of integrated information systems and innovative strategies of dealing with the challenges associated with Koha.