Worldwide, infertility is a prevalent problem that poses a threat to couples, either the male or female partner, or both spouses, may be the cause of infertility. Numerous elements about the patient's general health or way of life may be to blame. Systemic or gonadal dysfunction may be the cause of the patient's health issues. Hematological factors may be one of the systemic reasons. Thalassemia major (TM) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are the two most prevalent hemoglobinopathies that are suspected to be the cause of infertility, particularly male infertility. Through pathophysiological changes, these two hemoglobinopathies result in male infertility. In particular, they change red blood cells' (RBCs') capacity to carry oxygen, resulting in tissue hypoxia that impacts spermatogenesis and the body's natural process of producing new cells, ultimately leading to infertility. Semen analyses and other systemic blood testing can be used to investigate male infertility. Both hemoglobinopathies can be helped by blood transfusions, which can then alleviate male infertility. This paper aims to explore the relationship between hemoglobinopathies (SCD and TM) and their role in contributing to male infertility, in addition to the role of blood transfusions in addressing male infertility by correcting the root cause.

Background: Preventive dentistry plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal oral health and preventing dental diseases such as caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Knowledge and awareness of preventive measures significantly influence patient behavior, improving oral health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the awareness of preventive dentistry practices among patients attending Karary University Dental Clinic in 2022. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 151 patients attending the dental clinics at Karary University. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate participants' knowledge and attitudes regarding preventive dentistry practices. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed for data analysis. Results: The majority of participants (54.7%) exhibited fair awareness of preventive dentistry, with 39.3% showing good awareness, 4.7% demonstrating poor awareness, and only 1.3% displaying excellent awareness. Awareness was significantly higher among females, individuals aged 19-40 years, and those with a university education. While most patients (90.4%) recognized the preventability of dental diseases, gaps in knowledge were evident regarding the use of preventive tools such as dental floss and the importance of regular dental checkups. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant variation in preventive dentistry awareness among patients at Karary University Dental Clinic. Despite general awareness of dental disease prevention, specific areas, such as the use of dental floss and understanding advanced preventive measures, require further attention. Targeted educational interventions, particularly for high-risk groups, are essential to improve preventive dental practices and ultimately enhance oral health outcomes.

The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in various sectors, including healthcare, has gained significant popularity due to its potential to improve services. In the medical field, misdiagnosis has been a major problem, leading to increased mortality rates. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and management of diseases. This research aims to develop a machine-learning model for segmenting small blood vessels in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets using bilateral filtering. The research identifies the limitations of existing machine learning models in blood vessel segmentation, particularly the loss of important edge information due to convolutions that blur images. To address this issue, a non-linear bilateral filter is introduced to enhance the segmentation of blood vessels in MRI images. The proposed framework aims to improve the accuracy of the segmentation algorithm by reducing image blurring and noise through bilateral filtering. The objectives of this research include training and testing a machine-learning prototype using bilateral filtering, exploring the weaknesses of existing models in blood vessel segmentation, and developing a machine-learning model specifically designed for segmenting small blood vessels using bilateral filtering. Various studies have proposed machine learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks, for blood vessel segmentation. The review emphasizes the importance of bilateral filtering in improving classification accuracy by reducing image blurring. In conclusion, this research aims to contribute to the field of medical image analysis by developing a framework that utilizes bilateral filtering to enhance the segmentation of small blood vessels in MRA and MRI datasets. The proposed machine learning model has the potential to improve the accuracy of blood vessel segmentation, enabling more accurate diagnoses and reducing misdiagnosis-related mortality rates.

Background: Conventional public health statistics, which concentrate on mortality rather than morbidity or dysfunction, severely underrepresent the massive burden of sickness caused by behavioral and psychiatric illnesses. Objective: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the patterns of psychotropic drug prescriptions. Materials and Methods: It was a hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Hospital during July’ 2022 to December’ 2022. A total of 765 prescriptions were selected. All patients attending the psychiatry OPD during the period of the study were included and analyzed as per the WHO drug indicators. Results: Clonazepam constitutes 119 (51.74%), Lorazepam 74 (32.17%), and Others 37 (16.09%) of the 230 anxiolytics listed in the table. In 195 antidepressant drugs, 76 (38.97%) were escitalopram, 33 (16.92%) were amitriptyline, 47 (24.10%) were imipramine, and 39 (20%) were other antidepressants. Antipsychotics were detected in 194 patients (21% of the cohort population). This includes Olanzapine (88.36%), Haloperidol (34.54%), Risperidone (14.22%), and Other Antipsychotics (12.89%). Trihexyphenidyl was prescribed to 75 of the 88 study participants, accounting for 85.23% of the total. Prescribing Indicators and it was observed that an average number of drugs per prescription were 2.59±1.37. Average number of Antipsychotics prescribed per prescription was 2.73±1.46. The number of antipsychotic drugs prescribed by generic name was 52.94%. Percentage of injectable drugs prescribed 2.48%, Percentage of the prescriptions containing psychotropic FDC 20.78%, Percentage of psychotropic drugs prescribed from essential drug list 42.75%, Percentage of psychotropic drugs prescribed from hospital pharmacy 62.22%. Conclusion: The most frequently prescribed antidepressant, antipsychotic, and BZD medications were escitalopram, olanzapine, and clonazepam, in that order. Carbamazepine was preferred over lithium as a mood stabilizer.

Background: Ovarian tumour preferably malignant one is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of women. Despite of advancement in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment during the last decade, still survival rates are poor mainly due to late and incidental diagnosis. Objective: To find out correlation of raised serum CA -125 level with laparotomy and histopathological findings of ovarian tumours. Methodology: This observational descriptive study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology in Combined Military Hospital, CMH Dhaka from January 2023 to December 2023 and data collection period of 6 months. Total 30 patients having ovarian tumour diagnosed clinically, by ultrasonography and with raised serum CA125 level were included in the study who underwent laparotomy and diagnosis confirmed by histopathology. Results: Total 30 cases of ovarian tumour with raised serum CA-125 were enrolled in the study. Patient presented with lump in the abdomen 26(86.7%) as the commonest presentation. The commonest tumour was epithelial tumour 22 (73.3%) followed by germ cell tumour 8(26.7%). Serous cyst adenoma (47.4%) was common benign tumour& serous cyst adenocarcinoma was the commonest malignant variety (36.3%). Serum CA-125 level was raised in all cases but highly raised in almost all the malignant ovarian tumour 10(90.9%), among them in poorly differntiated 2(18.2%) cases CA-125 level is markdly raised average is 433.5U/ml, then in moderately differentiated cases CA-125 level is highly raised avgerage is 221.5U/ml. In undifferentiated variety average level of CA-125 is 272.5U/ml. In well differentiated case CA-125 level raised to 69U/ml. And on laparotomy, tumours with malignant features has high serum level of CA-125 (>100U/ml). Conclusion: As serum CA-125 is highly raised in most of malignant ovarian tumour, mainly of epithelial variety and moreover makdly raised in poorly differented ones as well as these tumours are found to have features of malignancy on laparotomy, so we can conclude that raised serum CA-125 is a useful tumour marker for early screening, and as well as it can be used as a marker for assumption of the nature and aggresiveness of ovarian malingnancies. Thus, serum level of CA-125 can be used as a tool for detection of ovarian malignancy at early stage, to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients, as well as to improve the survivility also to reduce the disease burden of the patient with ovarian tumour.

Functional Movement Screening (FMS) has emerged as a vital tool in sports science for identifying movement inefficiencies, preventing injuries, and enhancing athletic performance. In cricket, a sport characterized by its unique combination of asymmetrical movements, repetitive actions, and high physical demands, FMS offers significant potential to optimize player outcomes. This paper investigates the application of FMS in cricket, focusing on its role in detecting biomechanical dysfunctions, designing corrective interventions, and monitoring performance improvements over time. By examining a cohort of state-level cricketers, the study highlights the effectiveness of FMS in reducing injury incidence, improving movement efficiency, and enhancing key performance metrics such as agility and accuracy. The findings underscore the importance of integrating FMS into cricket training programs and emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving coaches, physiotherapists, and sports scientists. Despite challenges in implementation, such as resource limitations and the need for specialized training, FMS proves to be a transformative tool in advancing the health and performance of cricketers. Future research directions include the establishment of sport-specific benchmarks, the integration of wearable technology for real-time assessments, and longitudinal studies to explore sustained benefits.

Assessment literacies for both teachers and students matter because assessment is central to learning and influences behaviours and practices of both. Student assessment literacies have largely been ignored, which is surprising given discourses supporting students taking responsibility for their own learning. Here we investigate the understandings of assessment literacies, especially summative assessment (SA) and formative assessment (FA), of a group of 83 year-three health sciences undergraduates. We found limited and ineffective dialogue between students and teachers about assessment. Even after more than two years at university, students show a lack of common understanding, or no understanding, of the terms SA and FA despite them having become common parlance in academic discourses. From their responses we concluded that 29% of students understood SA, 29% understood FA, and 18% understood both. This lack of understanding is worrying since it counters somewhat the notion that students are central to their own learning. The lack is mirrored by teachers, and to some extent by the literature in general. We contend that a lack of common understanding and theoretical framework has potential to hinder the engagement and progress of students and we call for remedy, starting from a student perspective.

The presence of secondary metabolite, particularly aflatoxin produced by fungi, poses economic challenges in food and feed industries. This study aimed to identify aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species inedible oil and quantify total aflatoxins levels. We collected thirty sample of edible oil from various local market in Karachi and tested them for presence of Aspergillus flavus and total aflatoxin levels. Out of thirty, four samples tested positive for Aspergillus flavus using culture-based methods, which were subsequently confirmed by amplification of partial transcribed (ITS) region. Aflatoxin production was assessed using colorimetric methods, revealing that all A. flavus positive isolates (JB2, MGM4, LMM1, and RLM2) exhibited a plum red change upon exposure to ammonium hydroxide vapors on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Notably, JB2 also demonstrated color change on Yeast extract Sucrose and Coconut Agar medium, and exhibited blue fluorescence under UV light on coconut Agar medium. Aflatoxins were extracted from edible oil sample using solvent extraction method and quantified using a VICAM fluorometer. Among samples one exhibited total aflatoxin levels between 20-30ppb, five samples had levels below 20ppb, while 24 samples were negative for aflatoxin. These finding underscore the need of continued monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in edible oil.

Global warming is currently one of the world's most pressing issues. It has been a reason behind the proliferation of renewable energy (RE) systems. The majority of renewable energy sources are sustainable and release less carbon, in contrast to fossil fuels, which is why they have recently gained favour. Solar, wind, and geothermal energy have the potential to be employed in these Gulf countries to meet the region's power production needs. This is due to the Gulf country's strategic location as well as its immense oil and natural resource richness. According to previous researchers, the primary source of economic benefits for Gulf countries is global energy consumption by using crude oil and fossil fuels. The GCC is a major player in the global energy market. It is home to some of the world's largest oil and gas reserves and plays a significant role in producing and exporting energy resources. In future, as the world's energy needs shift towards renewable sources, the demand for traditional energy sources like oil and gas may decline. This could reduce the GCC's importance as a global energy supplier. Hence Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have made efforts to diversify their economies away from dependence on oil and gas exports. Saudi Arabia has launched several initiatives aimed at diversifying its economy. The most notable of these is the Vision 2030 program, which seeks to reduce the country's dependence on oil and create new economic sectors, such as tourism, entertainment, and technology. The government has also invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the NEOM megacity and the Red Sea Project, which are aimed at attracting foreign investment and creating new jobs. Similarly, the United Arab Emirates has been at the forefront of economic diversification, with its government launching several initiatives aimed at promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge-based industries. One of the most notable initiatives is the Dubai Future Accelerators Programme, which brings together startups and government agencies to work on cutting-edge technologies and solutions. Additionally, the United Arab Emirates is investing heavily in renewable energy to generate 50% of its electricity from clean sources by 2050. Both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are working towards building more diversified, knowledge-based economies that can compete in the global marketplace. At the same time, the road ahead may be challenging because of technical challenges, Economic challenges, lack of infrastructure, Regulatory challenges, Heavy Dependence on oil, Skilled labour shortage, and Regulatory environment. While taking the above as the context, the paper shall look at renewable energy development in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The following are major research questions which shall be explored and analysed: • How has the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates progressed over time, and what factors have influenced this development? • What are the future plans and potential for continued growth and expansion of renewable energy in these countries? • What will be the future and potential renewable energy sources and policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and what are the barriers and opportunities for their adoption and integration into the energy mix? • How successful have Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates' economic diversification efforts been in reducing reliance on oil revenues? • What are the similarities and differences between the development of renewable energy technologies and policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates compared to the rest of the world? • What are the factors that have contributed to the similarities and differences, and how do they impact the potential for further growth and expansion of renewable energy in these countries relative to the rest of the world? This paper presents a literature-based study. The study covers capacities, projects, policies, and frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In this study, we would make use of secondary data that has been gathered from previously published statistics and relevant literature.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder marked by insufficient insulin production, disrupting glucose metabolism and regulation. DM is classified into type I (DM I) and type 2 (DM II). Glycated haemoglobin (Hba1c) is a marker for long-term blood glucose levels. Benign tongue abnormalities (BTAs) associated with (DM II) include the fissured tongue (FT), benign migratory glossitis (BMG), black hairy tongue (BHT), median rhomboid glossitis (MRG), and oral lichen planus (OLP). Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BTAs among Libyan patients with controlled and uncontrolled DM II. The study also evaluates the potential correlation between BTA and factors such as age and gender. Materials and Method: This study included 426 Libyan patients with DM II. Disease duration and complications were obtained from the patient's medical records. Dependent binary variables (BTAs) and independent variables (age, gender, glycemic control in controlled and uncontrolled DM II) were calculated using IBM-SPSS 26. Result: 77.2% of the 426 patients with type 2 DM exhibited BTAs. FT 96.2% was the most common BTA, followed by MRG 2.1%. BMG 0.9%. BHT 0.6%, and LP 0.3%. 79.3% were glucose-uncontrolled diabetic patients (GUCDPs) and 20.7% were glucose-controlled diabetic patients (GCDPs). Conclusion: BTAs such as FT, MRG, BMG, BHT and LP were the most frequent conditions. BTA have a high prevalence rate in GUCDPs. BTAs are equally observed in both genders.

Agriculture and rural areas play an important role in the economy and the stable development of society. Along with the country's innovation process after the mistakes and limitations of the planning mechanism and centralized subsidies, our country has entered a period of stability, development and integration with the world. An Giang is a key province in agricultural production in the Mekong Delta and the whole country. The achievements of the renovation process have promoted positivity and created personal motivation for people to promote creativity in agricultural production, contributing to raising and improving life, escaping the situation of food shortage, abandoned land and damaged agricultural tools. However, An Giang in particular and the Mekong Delta provinces in general are facing challenges due to climate change, water scarcity and saline intrusionex, cessive crop growth, along with flood control dykes, has made the land inhospitable, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to serious environmental pollution, ecosystem destruction, and biodiversity changes over hundreds of years, affecting people's health and causing many new diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, changing the way of production, following nature, towards ecological and sustainable agriculture for a clean environment and public health is an urgent issue that needs to be changed.

This study evaluates student participation in field and laboratory components of geoscience and environmental education courses in Southeast Nigeria. Given the critical role of experiential learning in geoscience education, this research aims to assess how effectively students engage with hands-on activities that enhance their understanding of geological and environmental processes. The evaluation involved a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with students and instructors across multiple institutions. Key metrics included attendance, active participation, and student perceptions of the relevance of field and laboratory experiences to their academic and professional aspirations. Findings indicate that while students demonstrate high levels of enthusiasm and engagement during field excursions, participation in laboratory sessions is often limited due to resource constraints and logistical challenges. Moreover, students reported that field experiences significantly enhanced their practical skills and contextual understanding of theoretical concepts, whereas laboratory activities were sometimes perceived as less impactful. The study highlights the need for improved resources and infrastructure to foster deeper engagement in laboratory settings and underscores the importance of integrating field-based learning into the geoscience curriculum to better prepare students for future careers in environmental science and related fields. Recommendations for enhancing student participation and overall educational outcomes are provided, including the development of partnerships with local industries and environmental organizations to create more immersive learning opportunities.

Malaria is a serious and potentially fatal parasitic infectious disease caused by several species of parasite belonging to the Plasmodium genus. The female Anopheles injects the parasite into humans in the form of a "sporozoite". This rapidly migrates via the bloodstream to the liver. Transmission can occur through mother-to-child transmission and transfusion of infected blood products. Objective: To study the prevalence of malaria among newborn babies in the paediatric ward of the CSRéf in Markala. Methodology: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study from 1st January to 30th December 2023. Results: The mean age at admission was 03 to 07 days and 08 to 14 days of life. The sex ratio was in favour of males (51%). The overall result for the prevalence of malaria according to the means of biological diagnosisused was 0.62% for the RDT compared with 56.52% for the GE. The weight range where the RDT was positive was weights over 3.5kg. The results for congenital malaria were 0% for RDT and 60% for GE. The sex-ratio was in favour of males (51%). The age range at admission was 3 to14 days. The highest number of cases was observed in the month of May. The overall prevalence of congenital malaria including the total number of babies with cord blood parasitaemia and peripheral blood parasitaemia was 18.6% and 56.8% respectively using microscopy and real-time PCR. The frequency of cases of submicroscopic congenital malaria (negative on thick blood smear and positive on PCR) was 12.2%). Theaverageadmissionweightofnewbornswas2.9kg+/-0.9andtheaveragebirthweightwas2,319g(160.03)and 83 (81.4%). Conclusion: Congenital and neonatal malaria is a public health problem in a malaria-endemic country such as Mali. We note a difference in diagnosis according to the different biological means of diagnosis (RDT and EW). Newborns showing signs of suspected sepsis should be screened and treated early.

Background: Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, yet its control remains a global challenge. Effective management, through adherence to antihypertensive medications and lifestyle modifications, can significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to explore factors influencing treatment compliance among hypertensive patients using the Health Belief Model (HBM) framework. Objective: The study sought to assess treatment compliance among hypertensive patients and identify the influence of sociodemographic factors and HBM variables on adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January to July 2014, involving 200 hypertensive patients. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate analyses (Chi-square and Pearson correlation) and multivariate linear regression were performed, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 56.3 (±13.1) years, with 56% showing treatment compliance. Among the participants, 56.5% were female, and 43.5% were male. Most had at least primary education, and 33% had no formal education. Regarding employment, 55.5% were unemployed. The bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between treatment compliance and HBM variables: perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action. However, perceived severity did not show a significant association. Multivariate analysis indicated that perceived barriers were the strongest predictor of treatment compliance. Conclusion: The study found suboptimal treatment compliance among hypertensive patients, with perceived barriers being the most significant factor influencing adherence. Healthcare providers should emphasize health education on the lifelong need for antihypertensive treatment, and policies promoting free or subsidized medication could help improve compliance.

Background: Sleep is vital, but issues are mounting. Sleep deprivation is dangerous for hospital nurses. This reduces nurse productivity and increases patient-harming medical mistakes. Shift work affects sleep and circadian rhythms; therefore, night shift female nurses' sleep is important. Nurses and patients lose sleep amid disturbances. Objectives: The study examined night-shift female nurses' sleep quality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College's Physiology Department from January to December 2019 among 160 female nurses aged 24-50 who work night shifts from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. in In-patient department of Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, and Gynecology. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and nurse demographics were obtained. After informed consent was signed, the individual was thoroughly questioned and recorded in the predesigned data form. Statistics were done with Excel and SPSS-26. Results: Mean BMI was 23.91 ± 1.64 kg/m², and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 105.63 ± 11.10 and 69.94 ± 6.68 mmHg, respectively, without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) components showed significant results (p < 0.001), with mean scores for subjective sleep quality (1.09 ± 0.35), latency (1.95 ± 0.84), duration (1.77 ± 0.72), and additional parameters resulting in a mean global PSQI score of 7.94 ± 1.76. Highest number of respondents were belonging to age group 31–40 and 68.75% were married and in medical wards (42.50%). The lowest sleep quality was seen in Obstetrics & Gynecological wards, with 54 nurses scoring over 5 on the global PSQI (p < 0.001). About 69% of nurses had a PSQI score > 5, suggesting poor sleep quality, associated with age, marital status, and ward type (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Female nurses need sleep hygiene instruction, shift schedule adjustments, and stress management to sleep better. These obstacles affect nurses' well-being and care quality.