Introduction: Raising and providing adequate facilities to the specially-abled children along with autism spectrum disorder is a very stressful and overwhelming task for their parents and caregivers. Most of the caregivers and parents of such children reported distress and hardships in caregiving because these children showed numerous difficulties. The difficulties and issues faced by the caregivers and parents in rearing children with autism is the principal focus of the present study. The current research study also highlighted the social support enhanced mental well-being of the caregivers. Children with autism experience innumerable problems related to their activities and behaviors. So, because of these problems, their caregivers face a lot of challenges in their normal day-to-day living and caregiving. Therefore, in these situations, social support is very crucial for them and it also enhances optimism in them to overcome their stress and also handle various issues related to caregiving efficiently and confidently. Objectives: The present research study intends to understand the role of perceived social support in facilitating optimism among the caregivers of children with autism, and also explore the relationship between perceived social support and optimism that may enhance the overall health and well-being of the caregivers of an autistic child. Method: Samples of sixty caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder were taken for this study, using purposive sampling techniques. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) for measuring optimism and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS) was administered to measure perceived social support were employed. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis were used to analyze the results. Results: Positive and significant relationship was found between overall perceived social support and optimism, and perceived social support also facilitated optimism among the caregivers of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.

Dental extraction is a therapeutic act consisting of removing the tooth from its socket. In orthodontics, dental extraction, even healthy ones, holds an important place in the current therapeutic arsenal. However, it is a source of many controversies. As data related to orthodontic extractions are scarce in our context, we proposed to undertake this study whose objective was to determine the prevalence of dental extractions in orthodontic treatment. We carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study over a period of 08 months in five dental clinics in the cities of Yaounde and Douala. Patients and records of patients who underwent extractions in orthodontic treatment were included. An adapted and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software. The sex ratio was 1.22. The mean age was 9.26 years ± 1.89 years with extremes of 5 and 15 years. The prevalence of extractions in orthodontic treatment was 10.68%. The main orthodontic abnormalities were position and eruption abnormalities (74.5% and 58.4%). Incisors (47%) were the commonly extracted dental group. The mastery of the indications, timings and sequences of dental extractions for orthodontic purposes would be an interest in the management of orthodontic abnormalities in general practice.

Background: Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions effectively. EI training programs have demonstrated significant benefits for teachers, including improved classroom management, enhanced teacher-student relationships, and better psychological well-being. Objective: This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training programs among teachers in enhancing professional performance, emotional regulation, and job satisfaction. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and selected offline journals. Studies were included if they assessed EI, its correlation with teacher effectiveness and burnout, or the outcomes of EI training interventions. A total of 40 studies published between 2010 and 2024 were reviewed. Results: The findings indicate a strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and teacher effectiveness. Teachers with high EI demonstrate improved instructional practices, increased student engagement, greater job satisfaction, and reduced stress and burnout. Structured EI training programs were effective in enhancing competencies such as self-awareness, empathy, and interpersonal communication. Conclusion: Emotional intelligence plays a vital role in teacher well-being and professional performance. Integrating EI training into teacher development programs can foster emotionally resilient and effective educators. Further large-scale, standardized studies are recommended to assess long-term impact and refine training approaches.

Startups fail because of many reasons, however, when we consider how young companies manage finances, we can see that there is a clear pattern. We have analyzed financial documents of 150 startups and talked to 20 founders and finance managers regarding their daily accounting practices in this study. The outcome was straight forward, the startups which remained were those that maintained financial habits straight and steady. They kept records, counted numbers at a frequent rate, and were conscious of the cash flow. Those founders who pursued this strategy claimed that the habits assisted them in identifying minor issues before they escalated. Another common observation was that being familiar with their numbers helped them to conduct discussions with investors in a more straightforward manner since they were capable of articulating the decision. Such results indicate that financial discipline at the early stages has a larger contribution to the stability of a startup than commonly appreciated. Basic accounting practices provide new ventures with a stronger foundation in the face of uncertainty as they grow instead of being a minor task.

To determine how college teachers' job satisfaction, socioeconomic status, and family monthly income relate to one another in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. A purposive sample of one hundred instructors was used in a cross-sectional study design. The instrument of measurement was job satisfaction (Khaleque, 1980). The correlation results show that job satisfaction [r=.402, p<.05] and socioeconomic status [r=.739, p<.01] are significantly positively correlated with family monthly income. The socioeconomic position of teachers, however, was a small but significant predictor, accounting for 16.1% (R2 =.161, p =.001) of the variation in job satisfaction scores. According to these results, if socioeconomic circumstances improve, educators might be happier in their positions. The study adds to our understanding of how professional satisfaction in Bangladesh's academic community is influenced by social and economic positions.

Background: Sports activities have a profound influence on both physical and mental health. Beyond physical exertion, they contribute to psychosocial development and emotional resilience. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of evening sports activities on the physical and mental wellbeing of hostel students. Methods: A comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, along with offline journals, was conducted. Studies assessing the impact of sports activities on physical and mental health, particularly among hostel or residential students, were included. Results: The selected studies consistently demonstrated positive associations between sports activity and enhanced wellbeing. Participation in sports was associated with reduced stress, improved cardiovascular function, increased emotional resilience, and better social functioning. Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of integrating structured sports activities into student wellness strategies. Interventions tailored to address both physical and psychosocial needs can significantly enhance the overall wellbeing of hostel students.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a driving force behind digital inclusion and economic transformation in India from 2000 to 2023. Employing a combination of descriptive and analytical methodologies, the research investigates the relationship between FDI inflows and key indicators of digital infrastructure, including internet usage, mobile and broadband subscriptions, fixed telephone lines, and digital payment transactions. The findings reveal that FDI has significantly contributed to the expansion of telecommunication networks, enhanced broadband accessibility, and accelerated the shift towards cashless transactions, marking a transition from traditional systems to a more digitally integrated economy. The study highlights how policy interventions, such as demonetisation, have intensified the digital adoption process. Despite these advancements, notable disparities in internet and broadband access persist, pointing to the need for more inclusive digital strategies. The study underscores FDI’s instrumental role in shaping India's digital landscape, fostering technological inclusivity, and driving sustainable economic growth through innovation, infrastructure development, and evolving business environments.

Asthma and allergy are two prevalent immune-mediated disorders caused by an excess of T-helper (TH) cell activity, i.e., an example of TH2 predominance with elevated IgE, eosinophilia and chronic airway inflammation. Of special importance, immune checkpoint receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) were observed to regulate T-cell regulation and TH1/TH2 immunobalance of immunity through competitive blocking of CD28 interaction with B7 ligands on antigen-presenting cells to inhibit T-cell activation. Functional polymorphisms like +49 A/G (rs231775), −318 C/T (rs5742909) and CT60 A/G (rs3087243) of the CTLA4 gene have been associated with regulated CTLA-4 expression and function with implications for asthma and allergy susceptibility. This review collates contemporary understanding of CTLA-4 structure biology, its TH1/TH2 polarizing immunomodulatory roles, and genetic variants' effects on allergic phenotypes across diverse populations. Some CTLA-4 polymorphisms disrupt immune regulation, promoting TH2 dominance, IgE synthesis, airway hyperresponsiveness, and atopic disease progression by undermining regulatory mechanisms. Ethnic variation in CTLA-4 variants may serve as biomarkers for disease susceptibility and treatment response, potentially even to corticosteroids and biologics. Rising preclinical data also show the potential of CTLA-4–targeted therapies to regulate allergic inflammation. Current evidence is hampered by small cohorts, limited ethnic diversity, and replication constraint in genome-wide studies. We conclude by outlining areas of unknowns and proposing future research directions to determine genotype–phenotype relationships and integrate CTLA-4 findings into individualized interventions for allergy and asthma. Understanding the immunogenetic landscape of CTLA-4 will enhance precision immunology and inform new treatments against these global disease burdens.

National anthems are solemn patriotic songs that are officially adopted by countries as the expression of their national identity which are rendered during special or official events. There are robust previous researches on the thematic and stylistics analysis of the just abandoned Nigerian national anthem without a comprehensive Linguistic and functional analysis of the old-new anthem. Therefore, this focus of this study is to investigate and present the functional analysis of the old-new anthem of Nigeria with a view to studying its experiential function and implications. Halliday’s Functional Grammar (FG) was adopted as framework for this study. Specifically, the theory of experiential metafunction: processes and transitivity. The data for this study is taken from the newly re-introduced Nigerian national anthem. Six process types were identified in the anthem: material, relational, mental, verbal, behavioral and existential processes. The findings of this work points to a predominant use of material processes to indicate the expected measures to be taken by citizens of Nigeria to strengthen the development and progress of their nation. Other process types are used sparingly to put in place relationships, and present the nation as important entity. This paper infers that the establishment of national unity is better portrayed through the functional analysis of the process types in the Nigeria Old-new national anthem because the linguistic tool of transitivity is that language form is not coincidental, but performs a communicative function.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) in comparison to those with common mechanical pathologies and to explore the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Methods: This case-control study in Morocco compared patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) and those with degenerative mechanical pathologies. Data were collected via questionnaires from December 2021 to December 2022, assessing demographics, medical history, and vaccine hesitancy. Differences between groups were assessed using chi-square tests and t-tests. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Results: One-hundred-fifteen patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) were included (median age 49 years, 75.7% women). The majority had rheumatoid arthritis (54.9%) and were on biological treatment (63.2%). About 83% were vaccinated against COVID-19, with 70% reporting no post-vaccination adverse events. Vaccine hesitancy was high (68%), primarily due to fear of adverse events (57.1%). Age was negatively associated with reluctance, but no association was found with gender, education, or CIRD type. In the control group (74 patients, median age 59.5 years, 87.8% women), 92% were vaccinated. Vaccine hesitancy was 74.3%, mainly due to fear of adverse events (59.6%). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant negative association between age and vaccine hesitancy (OR = 0.905, p = 0.023), with no associations to gender or education. Conclusions: High COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was observed in both patient groups, mainly due to concerns about side effects, worsening conditions, low trust in the healthcare system, and insufficient information. Age was also a factor, with younger individuals showing higher reluctance. Increasing awareness is essential to build trust and promote vaccination for herd immunity.

This paper analyzes the interpersonal meaning of different modal values in TED speeches from the perspective of the interpersonal function of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, using a self-built corpus method with 30 TED speech texts as English data. In English, modal values are mainly expressed through modal auxiliaries. By using the Antconc tool, this study finds that low modal values are used most frequently, followed by medium modal values, and high modal values are used least. This research expands the application of modal values in speech texts, helps speakers dynamically adjust modal values according to topic characteristics, balances authoritative guidance and audience autonomy, and provides insights for optimizing speech communication strategies and enhancing persuasiveness.

When foreign substances enter our body, such as infectious microorganisms, macromolecules, and others, a collective and organized response from our body occurs to resolve this situation. Many studies of the immune response have already been conducted by scientists, but there are many other mechanisms to be understood due to the complexity of the immune system. Therefore, the great challenge of multidisciplinary studies is to understand and manage the immune system. This manuscript aims to study the immune system, emphasizing immunological memory, neuroimmunology, immunological placebo effect, and therapeutic updates of the immune system. In this study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out to investigate immunological memory, neuroimmunology, immunological placebo effect, emotional autoimmune response, and therapeutic updates of the immune system. The research included an analysis of experimental studies and reviews that discuss new diagnostic techniques and therapies in the management of these conditions. Recognized databases such as PubMed, Medline, SciELO, and Google Scholar were used for data collection. This methodological approach allowed the compilation and analysis of quality and relevant scientific literature, ensuring a broad and updated view of emerging practices in the immune system.

This study evaluates the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer-stabilized deltaic clay soil, characterized by high plasticity (liquid limit 76.5%, plasticity index 35.3%) and low bearing capacity (CBR 3.99%). Using a quarter fractional factorial design with 32 runs, seven key mix parameters were screened: alkaline activator-to-RHA ratio (0.20–0.40), sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio (1–3), sodium hydroxide concentration (8–14 M), curing period (4–72 hours), curing temperature (40–120°C), water-to-solid ratio (20–25%), and compaction delay (0–180 minutes). After 28 days curing, ITS ranged from 0.49 to 0.66 MPa, indicating substantial improvement over untreated soil. Effect analysis revealed compaction delay had a significant negative impact on ITS (effect = –0.0869, t = –9.379), while sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio (effect = 0.0220, t = 2.381) and sodium hydroxide concentration (effect = 0.0210, t = 2.237) positively influenced strength. Among interactions, only the alkaline activator-to-RHA ratio combined with sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio was significant (effect = 0.0230, t = 2.453), highlighting the critical synergy between precursor content and activator composition. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing compaction delay, activator composition, and precursor ratio to enhance geopolymerization and tensile strength through sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel formation. This research addresses a crucial gap in tensile strength characterization of geopolymer-treated deltaic clays and supports sustainable agro-industrial waste valorization for geotechnical applications.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of women own enterprises in North-West region of Nigeria. Data were collected from the women own enterprises operating in North-West region of Nigeria using a cross-sectional study design. The study adopted convenient and simple random sampling techniques to select the sample by using Krejcie and Morgan formula to selected 234 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed and collected through the personally-administered method. In analyzing the relationship among the study variables, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the study hypotheses. This study finds that risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy are important strategic orientations for the performance of women own enterprises in North-West region of Nigeria. Therefore, drawing upon liberal feminist theory, this study examined the roles of entrepreneurial orientation is buffering the influence entrepreneurial orientation on survival of women own enterprises. The also revealed that innovativeness does not support this expectation as innovativeness has a significant negative influences on business performance. Interestingly, entrepreneurial orientation has a significant positive relationship with business performance. Finally, this study has succeeded in validating the aforementioned conceptualization as well as advancing significant theoretical and practical contributions to both researchers and business owners/managers for further understanding on the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on the business performance. This study propose that this kind of study could be extended to microfinance bank services on business survival of women own enterprises.

There are clear reasons why gender equality is a key component of the SDGs, and science education also has a bigger influence on achieving the goals. Hence, this study assessed SDG 4 (Gender equality) in senior secondary school science students’ enrolment in Zamfara State. Ex post facto descriptive research was employed, and data was collected from 32 senior secondary schools (male schools = 16 and female schools = 16) through pro forma. The instrument was reliable since it was used to collect data from the existing record. The data collected were analysed using time series plots and charts. The result of findings shows that the trend of male students’ enrolment in science decreases from 2015 to 2024, while that of female counterparts first increases, then decreases in 2021 till 2024. However, there is a gap between the male and female students’ enrolment, which is in favour of male students. The gap decreases between 2015 and 2020 and increases again between 2021 and 2024. This has a serious implication on attaining SDG 4 (Gender equality). Therefore, among other things, the researchers recommended that the state government ought to promote the enrolment of female students in science disciplines to address the disparity in enrolment between male and female students, thereby aligning with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals.