The review focused on recent patents between 2018 and 2023 that concern the use of green solvents that are relevant to the development of bio-based solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and supercritical fluids. It draws on data from global databases to identify progress toward sustainability, safety and industrial efficiency with reduced environmental impacts. The patents are categorized according to their type, applications and innovation, thereby highlighting emerging trends, research gaps and the role of intellectual property in driving sustainable chemistry solutions. Essentially, among other principles of green chemistry and circular economy, they are identified on the basis of their low toxic effects, biodegradability and renewable sourcing. These green solvents, however, are greener alternatives to more conventional petrochemical-based solvents in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetic, and other applications. A number of recent patents on chemical synthesis, extraction, and cleaning technologies highlight the environmental and industrial advantages of green solvents. This will consist of activity-specific ionic liquids, scalable bio-derived solvents and extremely efficient solvent recovery systems for improving the efficiency and sustainability of chemical processes. Despite challenges like cost, scalability and performance limitations, patents demonstrate opportunities to improve synthesis methods, develop multifunctional applications, and integrate green solvents into existing industrial systems. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of green solvents in fostering environmental sustainability and supporting a circular economy. Green solvents are helping reshape industrial practices and reduce toxic petrochemical solvent reliance while addressing global environmental and regulatory challenges.

يعد الشيخ عبد الله بن فودي (1754-1817م) من الشخصيات البارزة في تاريخ الفكر الإسلامي والحركة الإصلاحية في غرب إفريقيا. عُرف بكونه من المفكرين والعلماء الذين تناولوا المسائل الشرعية والعقدية، وسعى لتطبيق مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية في مجتمعه. تميزت كتاباته ومحاضراته بالبلاغة الأدبية العالية، بالإضافة إلى شجاعته في التصدي للظروف السياسية والاجتماعية التي كانت تؤثر في تطبيق الشريعة. وفي هذا السياق، يمكن دراسة ظواهر البلاغة في بعض إسهاماته التي تناولت حدود الشرعية، مع تحليل البلاغة الأدبية في خطابه وأسلوبه في نشر المفاهيم الدينية . البلاغة في دعوته لتطبيق حدود الشريعة مثل استعمال التشبيه والاستعارة استخدام التكرار، البلاغة الأدبية في إسهاماته الفكرية أسلوب التنوع في العبارة أسلوب الوعظ والتوجيه البلاغة في تحفيز تطبيق الحدود الشرعية. التركيز على القيم الإنسانية استخدام الأسلوب القصصي: التنوع في الأساليب البيانية الاقتباسات من الكتاب والسنة: البلاغة الأدبية في مواجهته للظروف الاجتماعية والسياسية.

This study offers a new model (a five by four matrix) to analyze an imaginary left-right division Israel. By analyzing the historical evolution of the Zionist ideology to four core issues (territory, religion, economy, and the attitude towards non-Jews), the main findings are that there is no real difference between them in any of the issues. In practice, they also behaved similarly, almost identically, in each of these issues. The main conclusion of the article is that in Israel there exists an imaginary rift between the right and the left that serves political parties and produces a social rift.

Fibrous polyp: it is a fibroid, endocavitary, pedunculated and delivered through the uterine cervix with a pedicle arising from the uterine fundus or one of the walls of the uterine cavity. Their treatment is surgical and requires skill and a suitable technical platform. To our knowledge, no cases have been published in Mali. We report a fibrous polyp occurring in a 41-year-old patient, multi-gesture 5th procedure 5th parous with 5 living children, evacuated from a community health center located 60 km away, who presented episodes of metrorrhagia. The gynecological examination shows the presence of a “fibroid” delivered through the cervix. She was surgically managed vaginally for lumpectomy. It was a mass composed histologically of uterine leiomyofibroma remodeled by inflammation.

Aim: The aim of this study to identify the different histopathological pattern of neoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record analysis done over a period of three years (January 2021 to December 2023). All nephrectomy specimens with a diagnosis of renal tumor received in the Department of Histopathology, National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka were recorded from histopathology registers and analyzed for pattern and grading of renal tumors. Results: A total of 230 renal tumors were studied. Of the 230 renal tumors encountered during the study period, 205 cases (89.13%) were diagnosed as malignant tumors and 25 cases (10.87%) as benign tumors. There were 151 male and 79 were female cases (male-Female ratio 1.91:1) and Mean age 62 years. Renal tumors occurred most commonly in 6th and 7th decades and least in 2nd decade. In our study, mean age of patients with benign tumors was 52 years and that for patients with malignant tumors was 64 years. Renal cell carcinoma was the commonest tumor 170 (73.91%) followed by Wilm’s tumor 18 (7.83%) followed by transitional cell carcinoma 06 (2.61%). Neuroblastoma and sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma showed in 5 (2.17%) and 4 (1.74%) cases respectively. The most frequent subtype of RCC were clear cell carcinoma 135 (79.41%) followed by papillary renal cell carcinoma 17 (10%). Relatively serious collecting duct carcinoma and most serious renal medullary carcinoma were found in 06 (3.53%) and 04 (2.35%) cases respectively. A total of 152 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma which were graded 1–3 based on nucleolar prominence, whereas grade 4 was defined by the presence of tumor cells with sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid morphology and/or tumors containing tumor giant cells or showing extreme nuclear pleomorphism. Most frequent grade in this study group was grade-2 (53.29%) followed by grade-3 (33.35%) where the least frequent grade was grade-4 which is most dangerous. Conclusions: This retrospective study showed distribution and grading of renal tumors in the nephrectomy specimens performed at our institution. The results obtained from our study were comparable with available data from other countries.

Background: Hyponatremia is a common endocrine disorder associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased morbidity. Accurate diagnosis and management require systematic clinical and biochemical assessments. This study evaluates the current practices in managing inpatient hyponatremia and compares them with international guidelines. Objectives: This study aims to (1) compare current hyponatremia management practices with international guidelines, (2) identify areas needing improvement in documentation and service provision, and (3) implement changes and reassess outcomes. Methods: A retrospective randomized case note review of 50 inpatients diagnosed with hyponatremia was conducted. Documentation standards were compared with international guidelines. A second audit was performed after implementing a checklist-based documentation system. Results: The first audit revealed suboptimal documentation and testing: volume status was recorded in only 8% of cases, paired osmolality in 8%, medication review in 24%, urinary sodium in 28%, urinary osmolality in 36%, serum cortisol in 56%, and thyroid function tests in 72%. After implementing a standardized documentation sticker, documentation rates improved, with notable reductions in hospital stay duration and time to achieve sodium normalization across all severity groups. Mean hospital stay for severe hyponatremia decreased from 11.4 to 7.5 days. Conclusions: Implementing a standardized documentation checklist improved hyponatremia management, reduced hospital stay duration, and facilitated early specialist input. Further improvements could be achieved by updating hospital guidelines to align with international standards and introducing electronic alerts and referrals.

Background: Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) is a significant obstetric complication associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Identifying early hematological markers could aid in risk prediction and preventive strategies. This study investigates the association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Count (PC) measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation with the risk of PPROM. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Fetomaternal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from September 2022 to August 2023 included 73 pregnant women who underwent MPV and PC measurement at 11–13 weeks of gestation. Participants were monitored until delivery for PPROM occurrence. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and risk estimation was performed using relative risk (RR) calculations. Results: PPROM occurred in 9 out of 73 participants (12.3%). A significantly lower MPV (≤8.0 fL) was observed in 77.8% of PPROM cases compared to 6.3% in the non-PPROM group (p<0.001), with a relative risk (RR) of 19.73. The combination of high PC (≥294,000/cu.mm) and low MPV (≤8.0 fL) was present in 44.4% of PPROM cases versus 4.7% in the non-PPROM group (p=0.003), with an RR of 7.54. ROC analysis showed that MPV had an AUC of 0.856, with 77.8% sensitivity, 93.8% specificity, 98.9% positive predictive value (PPV), and 37.2% negative predictive value (NPV), indicating a stronger predictive value than PC. Conclusion: MPV measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation is a strong predictor of PPROM, with better diagnostic accuracy than PC. The combination of low MPV and high PC further strengthens this association. Early screening using MPV may help identify high-risk pregnancies, allowing for closer monitoring and timely interventions.

This study examines the feasibility of utilizing atmospheric air as a clean water alternative to address water scarcity, considering Oman's normal humidity levels of 75% to 85%. The study utilizes a thermoelectric cooler (TEC 1-12706), augmented by a heatsink and fan on its hot side to improve heat dissipation. A copper cooling coil functions as both a heat absorber and a condenser for ambient air flowing through it. The coil, with a diameter of 7.9 mm and a length of 1000 mm, receives its cooling source from a water block affixed to the cold side of the cooler. Experiments were performed in three environmental conditions: laboratory, residential area, and coastal area, with variations in the airflow rate of the heatsink cooling fan. The data collection encompassed a humidity range of 72.27% to 83.01%. The findings indicated a clear association between the air mass flow rate of the heatsink cooling fan and the volume of water extractable from the air. During preliminary laboratory testing, a mass flow rate of 0.046 kg/s yielded 4.25 ml/hour, 0.069 kg/s resulted in 4.625 ml/hour, and 0.092 kg/s produced 5.5 ml/hour. Moreover, among the three environmental settings evaluated, a greater volume of water may be retrieved from coastal regions compared to labs and residential areas. In coastal regions, the air mass flow rate is 0.092 kg/s, with a potential water extraction of 7.75 ml/hour; in laboratory settings, it is 5.5 ml/hour, and in residential zones, it is 4.75 ml/hour. These encouraging results advocate additional research to enhance water extraction by optimizing the contact area between the air cooler and the coil surface, potentially providing a feasible solution for the scarcity of clean water.

Purpose: To examine how income and interest rate affect mobile banking transactions in India’s financial system during the digital era from January 2016 to December 2022. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors first test the stationarity of variables using ADF and PP tests, followed by a residual-based Granger and Johansen cointegration tests. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method is used to estimate the long-run coefficients whereas the short-run coefficients are examined through the ECM. Additionally, FMOLS, CCR, IRF and diagnostic tests are applied to ensure the robustness of the results. Findings: The stationarity tests indicate that all selected variables are integrated at their first differences. Furthermore, the Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration tests confirm a long-term relationship. The DOLS results show that income (Y) and short-term interest rate (SR) significantly influence money demand through mobile banking in the long run. In the short run, the coefficients of income and interest rate are not statistically significant; however, the negative and significant error correction term (ECT) indicates adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. Additionally, the FMOLS, CCR, and IRF models support the robustness of the long-run results, and diagnostic tests confirm the accuracy of the findings. Originality/value: This study makes a unique contribution by examining the effects of income and interest rate on mobile banking in the digital era, as the dependent variable instead of the traditional measure of money demand—an area with minimal empirical research. It provides a deeper perspective on how these factors shape mobile banking transactions in an evolving financial sector. By bridging traditional economic theory with modern financial practices, this study enhances our understanding of liquidity preference in the digital age and demonstrates the ongoing relevance of Keynesian concepts in today’s digital finance environment.

Background: Historically, "Once a C-section, always a C-section" was the norm, but advances in surgical techniques have shifted toward encouraging VBAC. Understanding factors for successful VBAC can reduce cesarean rates, improve recovery, and enhance maternal health. Our study aims to support safe VBAC implementation, promoting better outcomes and patient autonomy. Aim: To find out the clinical determinants and Obstetric outcome in Vaginal Birth after a Previous Caesarean Section. Material and Methods: This study is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional research conducted over two years at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of DVVP Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, with a sample size of 100 participants. The primary aim is to evaluate factors influencing successful Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) in women who have a history of a previous single lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) at the same hospital. Data were collected from eligible participants and analyzed using suitable statistical tests to identify trends and correlations. Results: Our study aims to assess the safety and feasibility of VBAC in a tertiary care setting, focusing on key factors such as maternal age, BMI, inter-delivery interval, previous obstetric history, and the indication for the initial cesarean. By identifying predictors of successful VBAC, the findings will help improve clinical decision-making and patient counseling. The study was approved by the ethical committee, and participants provided written informed consent. Standard protocols for VBAC management were followed, with senior obstetricians making the decision. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring ensured maternal and fetal wellbeing during labor. Conclusion: VBAC can be a safe option for women with a history of a single LSCS, provided there are no contraindications. A multidisciplinary approach, continuous fetal monitoring, and partographs improve safety and timely intervention. Senior obstetricians’ involvement enhances success rates. Favorable outcomes indicate VBAC can reduce repeat cesareans, lowering surgical risks and costs.

Background: Health is a basic human need and fundamental human right. The health status of developing countries of the world is miserable and unacceptable. A large segment of the population in developing countries is deprived to access to basic health care and carry ill health. Although the impact of education on health is important for economic policy in developing countries, the overwhelming majority of research to identify the health returns to education has been done using data from developed countries. Education plays a central role in modern labor markets. Hundreds of studies in many different countries and time periods have confirmed that better-educated individuals earn higher wages, experience less unemployment, and work in more prestigious occupations than their less-educated counterparts. Objective: This study was aimed at assessing the impact of education and income on health status and associated factors of people in rural area of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The community-based comparative cross- sectional study was conducted in Sirajganj, Kamarkhand Upazila in Sirajganj district situated in the northern part of Bangladesh from 01 May to 20 September 2023. Data was collected with a semi structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.0.390 rural respondents were included in the study. Age groups 26 to 35 were the major age group. Majority 129 (86%) were Muslim with lower socio-economic status of 69 (46%). Result: In general, the (24%) take balance diet regularly and the (76%) do not take balance diet regularly. Followed by (64%) participants get enough food every day and 36% don’t get enough food. One of the central findings of this study is the significant impact of education on health status among rural residents. The data indicates that individuals with higher levels of education tend to report better health. This aligns with the existing literature, which consistently demonstrates the positive association between education and health outcomes. Conclusion: This research contributes to the broader discourse on social determinants of health and provides a foundation for evidence-based policymaking and interventions aimed at promoting health equity in rural areas.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a prevalent sexually transmitted bacterium that significantly impacts reproductive health, especially in women. Its infection rate is notably higher than gonorrhea, with over 1.6 million cases reported in 2021. Often asymptomatic, it can lead to severe complications like tubal damage, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Aim of the study: The study aims to identify the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy and explore the potential association between serological evidence of Chlamydia infection with ectopic pregnancy. Methods: This prospective case-control study analyzed Chlamydia trachomatis infection associated with tubal ectopic pregnancy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Based Medical College Hospital Bangladesh (CBMCB) from January 2024 to December 2024. Ninety-six participants were equally divided into case (N=48) and control (N=48) groups. The case group included women diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy, confirmed histopathologically, while the control group consisted of women with uncomplicated second-trimester pregnancies. Serological assays measured Chlamydia IgG antibodies using BIOS Chlamydia T. IgG ELISA kits. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. Result: The age distribution showed significant differences, with more participants aged 20–24 in the control group (50%) than in the case group (29.17%) and more aged 25–34 in the case group (52.08%) than in the control group (27.63%). Marital status was also significant, with all control group participants married and 12.5% of the case group single. The case group had higher IgG titers and chlamydial antibodies. Significant differences were found in parity, history of ectopic pregnancy, PID, and infertility, with higher rates in the case group. No significant differences were found in occupation, residence, smoking, or other factors. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and increased risk of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Women with ectopic pregnancies had higher Chlamydia IgG titers. The findings highlight the importance of early screening and treatment of chlamydial infections to prevent complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal damage.

Karate has gained popularity as an effective self-defence technique, offering numerous physical and psychological benefits for women. While its impacts on these domains are well-documented, there is limited research on its influence in social domains. The present study aimed to explore the leadership preferences of self-defence-trained women. To accomplish the above objectives, the present study included a total of 186 female college students aged 18 to 22 years, comprised of 92 karate-trained and 94 untrained participants. The karate-trained group regularly practice karate, while the untrained group had no martial arts or other training experience. Leadership preferences were evaluated using the Leadership Preference Scale. To observe the effect of karate program on leadership preferences, the karate group was compared by using an Independent t-test with untrained participants of the same characteristics. The results showed that most participants (approximately 80%) preferred moderate to above-average democratic leadership levels. Karate-trained women averagely preferred above-average democratic leadership, while untrained women leaned toward moderate levels. A notable difference emerged between the groups (p = 0.04), with karate-trained women showing a greater preference for democratic leadership style. The study concluded that self-defence training significantly impacts women’s leadership preferences by promoting the democratic style, which may promote essential social qualities such as mentorship, teamwork, effective group interactions, etc.

English language instruction for deaf children presents unique challenges, particularly when mainstream curricula are adopted. Under the influence of several theories discussing the importance of effectiveness in pedagogy in general such as the Theories of Effective Teaching (Schmoker, 2006), the Four Pillars of Effective Teaching theory for (Hattie, 2009), as well as the Constructivist Teaching Theory (Piaget, Vygotsky), this study encompasses investigating the effectiveness of such pedagogical approaches conducted in six government schools in the Dhofar region of the Sultanate of Oman. In particular, the research aims to explore the English teachers’ perceptions in six government schools implementing the inclusive education program involving key aspects such as teaching methodologies, classroom activities, and the quality of course materials, alongside identifying additional support needed to enhance English language learning for deaf students. Data were collected through interviews with six teachers as well as analysis of their teaching diaries. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Findings from the data revealed that while the pedagogy used in teaching English to deaf children is generally acceptable, several areas in the pedagogy require improvement. Specifically, the study highlights the need for increased motivation for deaf students, the development of a specialized curriculum, a review of syllabus topics, targeted teacher training, and the enhancement of teaching devices for deaf learners. The study concludes that addressing these issues is crucial for improving English language instruction for deaf students in Oman.

In upholding the principle of consumerism, which illustrates the desire to protect or promote the interest of consumers, there is the likelihood that within standard form contracts, the consumer is at a weaker position in terms of bargaining strength and prospects of safeguarding their rights under such contracts. Standard agreements are generally considered to be contracts of adhesion where one party drafts the entire contract and the other party merely accepts or confirms what has been arrived at by the other party. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show how the rights of consumers are sometimes violated with the prevalence of standard form contracts/standard agreements. In achieving the said objective, the content analysis approach was adopted. Our findings reveal that consumers are sometimes at risk when concluding standard agreements with sellers or service providers, since they are hardly conversant with the terms of the contract and given that they have little or no means to make propositions therein before accepting. This gives a lee-way for some authors of such contracts to defraud consumers through the use of excluding and limiting terms. This is mostly compounded by the fact that there is often little or no time given to consumers to acquaint themselves with the terms before contracting. It is therefore submitted inter alia that consumers should be given the latitude or reasonable time to properly read through or get conversant with the terms of these agreements before expressing consent to them.