This research presents a comprehensive thermal and structural evaluation of a newly developed aluminium matrix composite reinforced with selected agricultural by-products—palm kernel shell, bamboo fibre, rice husk, and groundnut shell—using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) within the ANSYS 2025 environment. Aluminium scrap served as the matrix material in the composite fabrication. The experimental design followed a D-Optimal mixture approach, yielding twenty-five specimen combinations, each tested thrice, with mean values recorded. Specimen fabrication employed the stir casting technique. Optimization of process parameters and response outcomes was performed using Design Expert software. The composite model was developed using SOLIDWORKS for subsequent simulation analysis. Results from the thermal and structural simulations indicate a fatigue life of 1 × 10⁶ cycles. The computed maximum and minimum total heat fluxes were 1.8122 × 10⁶ W/m² and 1.515 × 10⁶ W/m², respectively, while the fatigue damage factor reached 1000. The safety factor varied between 4.836 and 15. Temperature values ranged from 23.685°C to 170.000°C. The composite exhibited equivalent elastic strain values between 1.054 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.9051 × 10⁻⁵. Directional deformation along the x-axis ranged from –2.5905 × 10⁻⁷ m to 2.5889 × 10⁻⁷ m. Equivalent (Von-Mises) stress was recorded between 1.3224 × 10⁵ Pa and 5.8104 × 10⁷ Pa, while total deformation ranged from 0.0000 m to 2.5912 × 10⁻⁷ m. These findings underscore the mechanical and thermal reliability of the developed composite material for engineering applications under variable thermal and mechanical loads.

The three-year course of the Ukrainian war suggests one possibility. Mathematical models can be used to calculate or predict complex and large-scale coalition wars. A mathematical model created in 2022 suggests that the Ukrainian war will be a long-term struggle in the area between the L1 and the L2 line. This model also assumes a high-risk scenario. In the future of 2026, if there is a full-scale war between the US alliance and the Chinese alliance in East Asia, it will be difficult for the US alliance to win. If this model is verified again in 2026, the mathematical model can be used to predict a large-scale coalition war.

Occipital encephalocele, a rare congenital malformation resulting from defective neural tube closure, accounts for 20.4% of cerebral encephaloceles, with surgical repair being the only effective treatment. This retrospective study presents four cases diagnosed at Mohammed VI University Hospital in Marrakech, highlighting prognostic variability based on lesion characteristics. The four patients, who had not received periconceptional folic acid supplementation and had inadequate prenatal follow-up, were incidentally diagnosed between 34 and 39 weeks of gestation. The first case involved an isolated encephalocele containing only cerebellar herniation, surgically treated on day 5 with a favorable outcome despite mild neurodevelopmental delay. The second case presented a massive encephalocele associated with spina bifida and clubfoot, requiring combined neurosurgical and orthopedic management, resulting in moderate sensorimotor deficits. The third case exhibited a giant encephalocele with severe cerebral herniation and secondary microcephaly, while the fourth case showed associated craniofacial anomalies; both of these latter cases resulted in early neonatal demise. This study underscores several key aspects: the importance of ultrasound as an initial screening tool, supplemented by fetal MRI for precise prognostic evaluation; the critical need for early multidisciplinary management involving obstetricians, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and pediatricians; and the essential role of periconceptional folic acid supplementation, particularly in populations at risk of nutritional deficiency or consanguinity.

Background: Ischaemia or infarction occurring due to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) causes left ventricular systolic and Diastolic dysfunction (DD). DM speeds up the process of coronary atherosclerosis as well as functional and structural cardiac impairments, exhibiting DD at the early stages. Severity of CAD is best assessed by coronary Angiography (CAG). Early diagnosis of this condition is warranted as the mortality risk from it is high. The objective of this study was to detect the CAD in diabetic chronic stable angina with grade IV DD. Material and Methods: 74 Diabetic patients with chronic stable angina with grade-IV diastolic dysfunction were included in this cross-sectional observation study which was done in department of Cardiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2023 to June 2024. Results: 32 (43.24%) subjects in rural and 42 (56.75%) subjects in urban areas. Proportion of males was 55%. Mean age of study population was (43 + 4.50) years. Mean age(57+7.0 vs 40+8.21years) in rural was significantly higher than urban subjects. 69 (51.06%) were SOB, 26 (19.24%) were tachycardic, 14 (10.36%) had bradycardia, 59 (43.66%) had hypotension, 21(15.54%) had raised JVP, 19(14.06%) had basal crepitation, 19(14.06%) had dependent oedema, 7(5.18%) had hepatomegaly and only 6(4.44%) had Ascites. Most of the dyspneic patients were in NYHA III stage. Around 30% patients were right dominant coronary artery. Most patients had significant stenosis in both LAD and LCX. About one third patients had insignificant stenosis in RCA. Conclusion: There is a relationship between coronary artery disease and Grade IV DD.

Introduction: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis reported that chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a worldwide prevalence of around 13.4%, underscoring its emergence as a global health concern [1,2]. Alongside CKD, patients are often affected by multiple co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders [2-4] Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted over six months in the Department of Nephrology at Karuna Medical College Hospital, Chittur, Palakkad. The study enrolled adult participants aged 18 to 70 years with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients were classified into CKD stages G1, G2, G3a, G3b, G4, and G5[5] Results: Table 1 shows the association of CKD stages across various demographic factors, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no statistically significant association between age and CKD stages. Among 188 patients maximum cases were observed in CKD stage V (34.57%), followed by CKD stage IV (27.65%). Table 3 shows that a higher number of patients were prescribed cilnidipine (27.4%), followed by telmisartan (19.0%), and the lowest number of patients were prescribed metolazone (1%), vasopressin (1%), and verapamil (1%). Table 4 shows that a higher number of patients were prescribed insulin (32.25%), followed by linagliptin (28.0%), and the lowest number of patients were prescribed voglibose (0.53%). Conclusion: This study emphasized the complexities involved in treating patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly when co-existing health conditions are present. It provided valuable information on current clinical practices and foundational data relevant to managing such patients.

Politics is an essential element of a country. Bangladesh is no different. Politics must work in a way that the people can get benefits from it and help them to improve their quality of life, address their concerns, and contribute to the development of a fair and just society. This study explores the existing connection between politics and corruption in Bangladesh, focusing on their underlying motives and objectives. It explores the corrupt practices of politicians in Bangladesh and their influence in public sectors’ corruption. A qualitative research approach is implied to get secondary data from investigative reports, newspaper articles, and research articles. The article goes through extensive case study analysis and finds out how the corruption is intertwined with politics. The findings of this study reveal that politicians leverage their positions for monetary gain, creating patronage networks, and the exercise of power and influence. The study also highlights how corruption undermines governance, disrupt services, and create inequality among the people of the country. The insights of the findings put emphasize for systemic reforms in anti-corruption commission, judiciary as well as to form independent oversight bodies and build citizen engagement to restore public trust and promote accountability.

Background: Arsenical keratosis, a chronic skin disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic, poses a significant public health challenge in arsenic-endemic regions like Bangladesh. Characterized by hyperkeratotic lesions, particularly on the palms and soles, the condition is a known precursor to skin cancer. Current treatment options offer limited efficacy, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of Nigella sativa seed extract and assess its therapeutic potential in the management of palmar arsenical keratosis. Methods: Conducted over 17 months, this observational study involved 32 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe palmar arsenical keratosis from two high-risk unions in Chuadanga, Bangladesh. Nigella sativa seed extract ointment was formulated and applied topically. The primary outcome was the reduction in the size of keratotic nodules, measured before and after 12 weeks of treatment using vernier slide calipers. Arsenic levels in patients’ water and nail samples were analyzed using a modified silver diethyldithiocarbamate method. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results: Topical application of Nigella sativa seed extract resulted in a statistically significant 72.8% reduction in mean lesion size (from 55.4 ± 29.8 mm² to 15.1 ± 10.8 mm²; p < 0.0001). No significant correlation was found between lesion size reduction and duration of arsenic exposure (r = -0.28), duration of lesion appearance (r = -0.17), or arsenic concentration in drinking water (r = -0.19). Patient adherence to treatment was high (mean adherence: 94.0 ± 6.6%), and only one case of mild, transient local irritation was reported. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Nigella sativa seed extract exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity against hyperproliferative keratinocytes, making it a promising, well-tolerated topical therapeutic for palmar arsenical keratosis. Compared to previous treatments, this natural formulation offers superior efficacy and minimal side effects, warranting further investigation through larger clinical trials.

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting women of reproductive age, with a notably higher prevalence in those experiencing infertility. Given this association, the study aimed to assess how socio-demographic and clinical factors relate to the severity of endometriosis based on laparoscopic findings in infertile women. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between socio-demographic and clinical factors with the severity of endometriosis based on laparoscopic evaluation in infertile women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at CARE, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka (July 2013-June 2015) involving 127 infertile women. Data were collected regarding sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors using a structured data collection sheet. BMI was calculated from weight and height and included in the data collection sheet. Laparoscopic diagnosis and staging used the Revised American Fertility Society criteria. Data analysis employed SPSS 20 (descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests). Results: In a study of 127 infertile women, Stage I endometriosis was most common, with Stage IV less frequent. Older age was linked to Stage I (p=0.016), and upper-class women had a higher prevalence (p=0.003). Lower BMI was associated with Stage IV (p=0.043). Severe stages, especially Stage IV, were significantly linked to dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain. Conclusion: Socioeconomic background, age, BMI, and symptom profiles may serve as valuable indicators of endometriosis severity in infertile women undergoing laparoscopic evaluation.

This study emphasizes the importance of creating an outcome-based question bank using Bloom's Taxonomy as a framework, with an example drawn from the subject of Zoology and the course Biosystematics. A sample question bank was developed and utilized to generate multiple assessment question sets. The findings highlight that a question bank designed with Bloom's Taxonomy is a valuable tool in Outcome-Based Education (OBE). It facilitates systematic evaluation, enhances conceptual clarity, identifies slow learners, and fosters critical thinking, continuous learning, research, and innovation.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding in peri- and postmenopausal women often raises concern for underlying pathology such as endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between endometrial thickness on transvaginal ultrasonography and histopathological findings in postmenopausal bleeding. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between endometrial thickness on transvaginal ultrasonography and histopathological findings in postmenopausal bleeding, identifying predictive relationships for clinical assessment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2022 to May 2023, including 65 postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) was performed to measure endometrial thickness, followed by fractional curettage for histopathological analysis at the Department of Pathology, DMC. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, and patients were categorized by endometrial thickness (≤5 mm or >5 mm), with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Among 65 postmenopausal bleeding patients, 58.5% had endometrial thickness >5 mm (mean 9.1 ± 6.1 mm). Histopathology showed 70.8% had abnormal findings, mainly endometrial hyperplasia (47.8%). A significant association (p = 0.001) was found between endometrial thickness and pathology, with >5 mm thickness linked to hyperplasia, carcinoma, and polyp, and ≤5 mm thickness linked to atrophy. Conclusion: Endometrial thickness on transvaginal ultrasonography is a significant predictor of endometrial pathology in postmenopausal bleeding, aiding in clinical assessment.

Background: Chronic dacryocystitis is a common condition caused by an obstruction in the nasolacrimal duct, leading to excessive tearing, recurrent infections, and discomfort. The condition is often managed through dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), which can be performed via two primary techniques: external DCR and endoscopic endonasal DCR. The external approach, a well-established procedure, requires an incision over the lacrimal sac, while the endoscopic technique offers a minimally invasive alternative with no external incision. The effectiveness, complication rates, and recovery times of these two methods are subjects of ongoing debate. Objective: This study aims to compare the outcomes of external versus endoscopic endonasal DCR in the management of chronic dacryocystitis. Methodology: An observational study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, a tertiary hospital in Dhaka, from January 2024 to January 2025. A total of 30 patients diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis were divided into two groups, with 15 undergoing endoscopic DCR and 15 undergoing external DCR. Demographic data, preoperative complications, and postoperative outcomes were recorded and analyzed using statistical methods to assess the efficacy of both approaches. Results: No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of age, gender distribution, or preoperative complications. However, the mean duration of surgery was significantly longer in the endoscopic group (60.5 ± 7.9 minutes) compared to the external group (53.1 ± 6.2 minutes) (p = 0.042). Postoperative results revealed that 76.7% of the endoscopic group and 83.3% of the external group had patent drainage systems, with no statistically significant difference in epiphora rates or sac patency between the groups. Bleeding complications were mild to moderate, and no significant differences in severity were observed between the two techniques. Conclusion: Both external and endoscopic endonasal DCR are effective for treating chronic dacryocystitis, with comparable outcomes in terms of epiphora resolution, sac patency, and complications. While the endoscopic technique showed a longer surgical duration, the two approaches yielded similar results in postoperative follow-ups. The choice of technique should be guided by individual patient factors, surgeon expertise, and patient preferences, as both methods offer satisfactory results in chronic dacryocystitis management.

Contemporary advancements in clinical dental implant replacement of teeth emphasize the modification of titanium surfaces to enhance osseointegration. These modifications employ both additive techniques, such as bioactive coatings, and subtractive processes, including acid etching and grit-blasting. Objective: The present clinic-radiographic study was conducted to evaluate clinical and radiological parameters around a conventional SLA coated and a CaP-coated sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface implants during the first year after placement. Materials and Methods: The clinical study was conducted on 20 patients who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group and a test group. In the test group, dental implants coated with calcium phosphate nanocrystals were placed in the prepared osteotomy site. In contrast, the control group received standard implants without any coating, which were placed similarly. The patients' soft tissue and hard tissue health were evaluated and recorded at regular intervals - 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year post-implant placement. A statistical analysis was then performed. Results: Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index Crestal bone level were evaluated and showed no statistically significant result when observed on the mesial and distal aspects at 1-year but a statistically significant difference was found in pocket probing depth and densitometric analysis to assess the bone density (mesial, distal and apical) 1-year post implant placement. Conclusion: While the calcium phosphate-coated implants showed a notable reduction in crestal bone loss compared to the control group, this difference didn't reach statistical significance. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the densitometric analysis, which showed an increased bone density (mesial, distal, and apical end) around Calcium Phosphate Coated Implants.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, progressive lung condition which significantly impacts the quality of life. Despite the existence of clinical guidelines, irrational prescribing patterns, remain common. Analysing prescription patterns and evaluating drug use can identify issues with prescribing patterns and provide valuable guidance to medical professionals. This study thus aims to analyse the prescribing practices of patients with COPD in order to determine areas for improvement, rationality, and adherence to guidelines. A prospective observational study was conducted among 113 COPD patients. Data on demographics, clinical status, and treatment (drug type, dosage, frequency, duration, and route of administration) were collected. WHO core prescribing indicators were applied along with analysis of drug classes, fixed drug combinations, and rescue medications. Majority of patients were between the ages of 61 and 75. 46.8% of individuals had a history of smoking, and 67.2% of cases had comorbidities. Of the 608 medications provided, 43% dealt with comorbidities and 57% targeted COPD. The most commonly utilized medications were bronchodilators (38.8%), corticosteroids (16.45%), and antibiotics (18.75%). In 72.5% of cases, beta-2 agonists were prescribed. ICS and combination mucolytics were preferred. The prescribing pattern reflected rational COPD management. According to this study, the most commonly prescribed drug classes for the treatment of COPD are bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. There is a visible overuse of antibiotics and brand-name prescriptions, which deviates from WHO core prescribing indicators. Ongoing prescription audits and educational interventions can thus promote rational drug usage and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of COPD.

This study investigated the impact of skill acquisition programs on employment rates among Nigerian graduates. Using graduates from the Department of Entrepreneurship at the University of Benin as a case study, 150 respondents who graduated between the 2017/2018 and 2022/2023 academic sessions were randomly selected to determine their current employment status and whether they needed or acquired additional skills beyond their academic degrees to secure employment. A structured questionnaire created through Google Docs was administered via WhatsApp and email. The data was analysed using frequency distribution, mean scores, Pearson chi-square goodness of fit, and Pearson correlation at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that out of 120 respondents who completed the questionnaires, 78 of them (65%) were self-employed, 20 of them (17%) were on paid employment, while 22 respondents (18%) were unemployed. Out of the 22 unemployed respondents, 12 of them (10%) claimed they had no additional skills besides their degrees, while 10 of them (8%) said they were undergoing apprenticeship/skills acquisition programmes. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between skill acquisition and graduate employability. The study also highlighted the prevalence of hard skills acquisition among graduates and suggested that Nigerian graduates should acquire relevant skills besides their academic degrees to increase their employability. It is recommended that all Nigerian universities incorporate hard and soft skills learning programs in their curricula to improve the employability of graduates in the 21st century

Objectives: To assess the predictive value of Pediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS) for identifying respiratory deterioration in children presenting to the emergency department. Methods: A thorough search across four databases identified 455 relevant publications. After removing duplicates using Rayyan QCRI and screening for relevance, 36 full-text articles were reviewed, with 5 studies ultimately meeting the criteria for inclusion. Results: We included five studies with a total of 155,836 children and 87,424 (56.1%) were males. PEWS has been demonstrated to significantly enhance clinical outcomes by enabling early recognition of patient deterioration, allowing for preemptive action. It has shown potential as a predictive tool for hospitalization, particularly in identifying children at risk of severe outcomes. PEWS also aids clinicians in prioritizing patient care, escalating care more effectively, and making informed decisions regarding the need for intensive monitoring or transfer to specialized care units. Conclusion: PEWS is a valuable tool in pediatric emergency and critical care, with significant potential to improve patient outcomes by facilitating the early detection of deterioration. However, to maximize its benefits, PEWS should be integrated into a broader clinical assessment and decision-making framework, complemented by other diagnostic indicators and clinical judgments. Future research should focus on refining the scoring system to enhance its sensitivity and specificity, tailoring its application to effectively address different pediatric conditions.