Complete cleaning of the root canal system requires the elimination of organic and inorganic debris including the smear layer. Endodontic irrigation alone is unable to ensure adequate removal of deeply entrenched bacteria in the dentinal tubules. Use of a chelating agent in conjunction with endodontic irrigants is necessary. The most commonly used chelating agent is EDTA. However, it has certain disadvantages when used with Sodium hypochlorite like reduction in dentin microhardness and lesser antimicrobial activity. The search for alternatives to EDTA has brought up newer alternatives like Etidronic acid and Chitosan solution. Clinical studies have proved that these are equivalent to EDTA in certain actions during endodontic treatment. This study aims to compare the changes in dentin microhardness seen when cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is done using EDTA, Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan solution. Results of this study showed that both Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan had comparable effects on dentin microhardness which were similar to EDTA.

Rehabilitation of Maxillo-facial defects is a complex task, requiring an individualized approach and modification of existing techniques to suit the needs of each patient. A removable, suitably retained prosthesis that reduces the patient’s discomfort and involves a minimal amount of manual dexterity in its handling is the key to successful prosthetic rehabilitation in such cases. This paper describes a novel technique of the restoration of a complex orbital defect with a removable silicone prosthesis that is retained with the help of magnets incorporated in the prosthesis itself and the spectacle frame.

Hausa is a language of the people situated in Northern Nigeria, Niger, Ghana and as far as North Africa. The language was blessed with two writing systems: Ajami (with modified Arabic letters) and Boko (using Roman letters). The publication of Hausa Newspapers began in the year 1932 by the Translation Bureau in Zaria which was established in the year 1929. It was begun with a newspaper called Jaridar Nijeriya Ta Arewa. Since that time the Hausa newspaper has continued under different agencies and individuals up to the present time when over 130 newspapers are published in Hausa language. Out of this number, currently less than 40 are circulating and all the remaining ones have died. The aim of this paper is to assess the history of the publication of this newspaper starting from the background and finally suggest the way to empower them.

Modernized efforts for harnessing Nigeria‟s abundant water resources for municipal water supply; irrigation and power generation commenced around 1923 when the first earth dam was constructed. Subsequently many more dams were constructed in the 1970s during the oil boom. And presently more dams are built in a pattern described as a form of top down approach intervention or maladjustment that lacked proper planning; community participation that not only hinder optimal and efficient utilization of resources but threaten sustainability of the projects. Legal, institutional and policy framework / documents that evolved over time to create access, set standards and enforce regulations such as; the (Nigeria)Waterworks Act of 1915, the River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) Decree 25 of 1976 (1979 and 1987), the National Water Resources Master Plan, 1995, the National Water Policy 2004, National Irrigation Policy and Strategy for Nigeria of 2005 and the National Water Resources Master Plan 2013 among other legal/institutional and policy frameworks expounded on and intended to address challenges of water resources development and management in the Country. The aim of this paper is to present an appraisal of these policy and institutional framework in integrating or mainstreaming ecosystem based watershed management. We conduct a review of these frameworks. Our findings reveal that there is a paradigm shift from structural (engineering or hardware) approach to an integrated approach to water resources management that emphasized Ecosystem-Based Watershed Management. The most recent of these frameworks underlined the cross-cutting nature of water resources management and calls for synergy and collaboration, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels through participation, and with coordination and technical competence of specialized basin entities or Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs) as well as research institutions, donor and development partners. The recommendations are geared towards improving cooperation and complementing efforts and commitments of the MDAs.

The research was conducted to evaluate effect of different concentrations of IBA on rooting of guava in Fruit Crop Research Program, Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), NARC Islamabad. Semi hard wood cuttings, 5-6’’ in length having 2 to 3 buds, of guava cultivar was taken from about 1 to 1/2 year old uniform guava branches. These cuttings were treated with IBA 4000, 3000, 2000 and 1000 ppm while untreated cuttings were used as control. The greenhouse was equipped with heater and air cooler keeping the temperature at 240C and relative humidity was maintained at 60-70 % during the experiment period. Cuttings were irrigated through mist and the cuttings were planted in experimental pots containing sandy soil. The data was recorded for rooting percentage, number of roots per cuttings, root length per cutting and survival percentage. It was concluded that the cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm produced maximum number of roots. While in survival the IBA 2000 ppm is at the top. In all treatment very small difference exist without control treatment in which variation were exist, while in IBA the difference between different parameter were existed.

The first three gospels in the New Testament give their records in a similar way of expression, content and structure; however, these Gospels have differences in some similar narrations. The existence of similarities and differences in these Gospels is known as „the Synoptic Problem‟. The purpose of this study was to explore how different audience among the author of the Synoptic Gospel influenced the Synoptic Problem. The researcher used Exegetical study to investigate the story of the Gadarene demoniac found in Matthew 8:28-34; Mark 5:1-20 and Luke 8:29-39. Findings showed that the authors addressed different audiences who had different challenges and experiences who in turn led the authors to focus on their needs focusing on specific issues which in turn affected their style, form, rhythm, occurrences, inclusion and vocabulary of each presenter and finally differences and similarities came upon their canonical gospels.

The elaboration of new effective and ecologically friendly regulators improving growth and increasing yield of oilseed rape is an actual problem for modern agriculture. Our work was devoted to screening of new effective plant growth regulators among chemical low molecular weight heterocyclic compounds, derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine to improve the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) of cultivar Kalinivsky. As a result of the conducted experiments, the most effective synthetic compounds that showed a high stimulating effect when used in concentration 10-9M on the growth of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings were selected. It was found that biometric indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the 10-9M solution of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine were increased by an average to 11 - 30 % – by length of shoots, by an average to 8 - 68 % – by total number of roots, and by an average to 5 - 43 % – by total length of roots, as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) or on the 10-9M solution of plant hormones auxins IAA (1H-Indol-3-ylacetic acid) and NAA (1-Naphthylacetic acid). The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the 10-9M solution of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine was increased by an average to 14 - 20 % – by content of chlorophyll a, by an average to 15 - 21 % – by content of chlorophyll b, by an average to 16 – 18 % – by content of chlorophyll a+b, as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) and were increased by an average to 14 - 26 % – by content of carotenoids as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) or grown on the 10-9M solution of IAA and NAA, respectively. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of using of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine as new effective regulators to improve oilseed rape growth.

Metrics are an important technique in quantifying desirable software and software development characteristics of aspect oriented software development (AOSD). Theoretical and empirical validation of metrics and of their relation to software attributes is a cumbersome and long process. It is of paramount importance that we validate the utility of metrics we use in order to enable others to use them, too. Aspect oriented programming is an efficient approach to improve the software program at the time of software maintenance for modularizing crosscutting concerns. However, in order to take the advantages of AOP, there is a need for supporting the systematic refactoring of crosscutting concerns to aspects. This paper presents a new cognitive complexity metric namely Cognitive Weighted Number of Children for measuring coupling in Aspect Oriented Software.

Risks plays significant part in the construction projects success. Risk identification and assessment failure may result to inefficiency in the procedures of managing risks, in which may critically have an impact on the projects’ resources. A proper risk management is hardly applied in construction projects as a result of the lack of contractors’ awareness of critical risks. The purpose of this paper is to base its focus on the examination of risk factors in construction projects.

The inadvertent displacement of a tooth or fragment of a tooth into the maxillary sinus during exodontia is not an uncommon experience. Although it is questionable whether such a mishap should be regarded as a dental emergency it is nonetheless a complication which should be treated without undue delay. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a new innovative technique for retrieval of displaced root into the maxillary sinus.

The construction industry is a key sector in any economy. Worldwide the sector contributes to the gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment, yet it encounters many impediments that work against its success. The construction of buildings is a major consumer of energy and natural resources and can negatively affect the environment if the process is not properly managed. Stakeholders in the construction industry have diverse interests which compete against each other and inhibit the achievement of project objectives. The objective of the study was to review existing theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of stakeholder engagement on sustainable construction of building projects. The study reviewed relevant underlying theories and empirical research. The stakeholder theory was identified as key, however, other relevant theories reviewed are contingency theory, systems theory, and sustainable concept. Empirically, a six-step process of stakeholder management was contemplated and the key stakeholders linked with sustainability principles. The key elements of sustainable construction and sustainable performance of construction projects during project life cycle phases was also discussed. These studies address each element independently in detail but fail to provide a link if any between stakeholder management and performance of sustainable construction projects. The sustainability requirements are applicable to all the project lifecycle phases and the stakeholders should participate in all these phases to execute a sustainable building. The findings of the study confirm that there is need to study an empirical model to determine the role of stakeholders in sustainable construction of building projects.

In developing countries, the sexually transmitted infection is one of top five diseases to which adults seek for medical help. There is an association between common STIs and sexual transmission of HIV. Therefore, control of STIs receives attention to control the spread of HIV. A retrospective study was conducted in Teaching Hospital Batticaloa during the period between 2014 and 2016. A total of 1190 cases were newly registered in STD clinic, of which 317 cases were confirmed to be having STIs. A total of 317 confirmed cases of infection episodes were recorded in all patients attended to STD clinics during this three years. Of which, 96.8% were due to STI and 3.2% due to lower reproductive infections. Among the STIs; genital herpes (22.71; Syphilis (16.71%). gonorrhoea infection 4.41%. Trichomonas vaginalis was 7.25%. During the period of three years only one case of HIV was identified. Hepatitis B infection constitutes to 15.14% stays in order next to Syphilis .bacterial infections shows a decreasing trend while a gradual increase of viral infections is observed. Public health should be strengthened especially use of condom and avoiding sexual contact with unreliable sexual partner in order to control STIs

The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect of internal factors and external factors on the organizational performance in policy making and regulation drafting. The research is a quantitative descriptive study, using primary data sources derived from questionnaires distributed in the organizational scope and secondary data obtained from organizational performance report. The sample used is 61 of the population of 74. The method of data analysis using the test of validity, reliability and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that internal factors and external factors have a significant positive effect on the performance of policy making and regulation drafting. Internal factor is the most influential variable to the performance. Where the internal factors partially affect the organizational performance of 69.4%, where if the internal factor increases one unit, the performance of the organization will increase by 0.387. While external factor have influence equal to 6,9%,, if the external factor increase one unit, the organizational performance will increase equal to 0,193.

We present a rare entity of incidentally detected microscopic thymoma in the thymectomy specimen of a female with early onset myasthenia gravis. The thymus was of normal size radiologically and macroscopically. Histological sections examined show multifocal tiny thymic epithelial proliferation suggestive of microscopic thymoma. Microscopic thymomas are rare tumours and less than 20 cases have been reported worldwide

The acronym CHARGE is used to describe specific congenital birth defects in children: Colobomata, Heart defect, Atresia of the choanae, Retarded growth or development, Genital hypoplasia, and Ear anomalies or deafness. To confirm a diagnosis of CHARGE association, the presence of at least four of these six abnormalities is sufficient