Medical students are inducted into clinical practices at a very early stage of their curriculum, and become very susceptible to get infected and for accidental transfer of infections to the patients, co- workers and the environment. Their awareness regarding Infection Control Practices (ICP) has to be regularly assessed by continued teaching and training programs. The aim was to assess the awareness of undergraduate medical students about infection control practices and measures and re-emphasize the need of continued education on basic infection control practices in the existing undergraduate curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 students of second year and third year (part I) MBBS of a Tertiary care teaching Hospital and Medical College. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire was given to the participants during their regular class hours after explaining the purpose of the study. It was designed based on the study objectives, that contained questions regarding general information of biomedical waste (BMW), hand hygiene, standard precautions, infection control practices and modes of acquisition of their knowledge. Amongst 131 students, 53.5% were females and 46.5% were males. The junior batch had a poor knowledge of the BMW responsibility (65.4%), use of masks (40.7%) and protocol for spillage management (32%). The senior batch had a better knowledge on moments of hand hygiene (90%) minimal time for hand hygiene (74%). The knowledge of senior batch on preventable vaccines (68%) and risk of transmission of viruses (76%) compared to junior batch (74% & 85.1% respectively) was poor. Most students acquired knowledge through lectures, tutorials and practical (74%) and suggested it to be continuously included in their curriculum through practical and workshops (65.6%). There was lacunae in knowledge regarding waste segregation, spillage management and use of masks. Continued education is needed through various methodologies. Importance of incorporation of ICP curriculum in undergraduate education should be re-emphasized.

A research was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in cattle faeces and manure, aimed at isolating and identifying shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) using phenotypic methods from cattle faeces and manure. Faecal samples (n=990) from apparently healthy cattle and manure samples (n=165) were collected between March to August, 2016 for this study, all samples were transported on ice to bacterial Zoonoses lab., department of Veterinary Public Health and preventive medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.B.U. Zaria for analysis. Approximately 1 ml/1 g of faeces (homogenized when possible) were suspended into 9 ml of modified tryptone soya broth. Samples were vortexed and incubated overnight at 41°C. After selective enrichment, fifty micro liters of the product was streaked onto Eosin methylene blue (EMB), incubated at 37oC overnight. Preliminary results indicated 374/1155 (32.3%) of the samples showed greenish metallic sheen and were considered presumptive positive for E. coli and for further analysis. The 374 positive samples were tested biochemically using indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate (IMViC), triple sugar iron and motility tests respectively, positive isolates 80/374 (4.7%) were subjected to Microbact 40E (U.K) where 48/80 (60%) were positive and were subjected to serological testing using E. coli O157:H7 agglutination test kits. The overall prevalence was determined to be 4.16% for all the samples collected in the three LGA, while a prevalence of 0.34%, 0.7% and 3.4% were found for Bauchi, Darazo and Katagum LGA respectively. Of the overall prevalence 2.51% were confirmed E. coli O157:H7 while 1.64% non O157. The prevalence based on sample locations were 0.09%, 3.37% and 0.69% for abattoir, cattle farms and livestock market respectively.

There has been a struggle to survive economically and academically. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of gold mining on Boy-Child‟s transition rate from Primary to Secondary School. The descriptive research design was adopted to guide the study. The target population was 4963 people who constituted by 89 head teachers of primary schools in Rongo Sub-County, 356 Class teachers, 4518 boys. A sample size of 30% of each category was included in the study to provide the required information about the implication of gold mining on boy-child primary education. This translated to 1355 boys, 107 class teachers, and 27 head teachers. Data collection instruments included structured questionnaires and interview schedule for the boy-child, class teachers, head-teachers and the sub-county education officer. The questionnaires were pre-tested using test-retest analysis technique to gain the desired reliability coefficient of 0.7 indexes. The test-retest method was also used to estimate the degree to which the same result would be obtained with a repeated measure of the accuracy of the same concept to determine the reliability. In the structured questionnaires, the question items helped the researcher to get information from the respondents. After collection, the data was coded and fed into the computer for analysis using SPSS Version 21 Statistical Program for Social Sciences. Findings indicated that there were 159 (99.38%) of the respondents who indicated that proximity of gold mines affected the retention and transition of the boy-child in primary schools. It was concluded that the parents and other education stakeholders to pay more attention to boy child transition. It was recommended schools be located far from the gold mining cites.

Globally, corporal punishment in schools was banned. In keeping with the international trends of recognizing the rights of the child, and since Kenya is a signatory to the United Nations Charter on Human Rights; and, having been criticized by the World for allowing the use of corporal punishment in schools, the same was banned in the Kenyan schools about 14 years ago. However despite this ban, newspapers, media and limited research show that corporal punishment is still occurring in schools. The government has made efforts to curb the continuing use of corporal punishment. This research therefore, was about Effects of ban of corporal punishment on discipline in public primary schools in Koibatek Sub County and was guided by the following objective: to establish the role of educators in relation to management of discipline of pupils in public primary schools, The research adopted descriptive survey design and carried out the study in Koibatek Sub County. It targeted primary school head teachers, deputy head teachers, guidance and counselling teachers, teachers (educators) and pupil two Zonal Quality Assurance and Standards Officers in public primary schools. To select schools, stratified random sampling will be used. The main respondents were stratified on the basis of their zones. The study sample thus comprised of 20 head teachers, 20 deputy head teachers, 20 guidance and counselling teachers, 54 teachers and 432 pupils making a total of 548 respondents. To collect the required data, the researcher used Questionnaires and interview schedules for data collection. The survey instruments were piloted in Baringo County using the test-re-test method. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.78 which was considered good enough for a scientific study. In addition, the research instruments were subjected to the scrutiny of two experts who established face as well as content validity. The researcher then sought permission from the National Council for Science, Technology and Invocations strain before starting the process of data collection. Data was organized, presented, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical and inferential techniques using the Statistical packages of social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Presentation of data will be done by use of tables, pie charts and bar graphs, mean and percentages. The study found that out of 20 schools in the study, 16(80%) had taken pupils as partners in developing school rules that would be obeyed. It was concluded that schools are however using alternative methods of instilling discipline in their respective schools. It was recommended that teachers and administrators ought to be flexible to adapt to new information and accept change so that the ban would bring intended changes in the education system.

Play contributes to learners developing physical skills, their understanding of different concepts, their ability to solve problems, their self-confidence and motivation, and an awareness of the needs of others. The study was guided by this objective: - To determine the availability of play materials and their influence on children acquisition of physical skills in Koibatek Sub-County, Baringo County. The study was guided by experiential learning theory by Kolb. The researcher adopted descriptive research design. The researcher targeted all the 250 ECDE centers in Koibatek Sub-county. Simple random sampling was used to select 152 ECDE centers and purposively selected 152 ECDE teachers, one teacher from each selected ECDE centers. Validity of the research tools were established by use of education experts at the university, while reliability of the instruments was tested using pilot data and a co-efficient threshold of more than 0.70 accepted. The data was collected using a questionnaire. Data findings were analyzed with the help of a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results presented using tables, graphs and narrative. The study findings indicated that there were adequate play materials in the ECDE centers. In addition, availability of play materials, significantly influenced acquisition of physical skills (p=0.000), with the later contributing to 34.0% of the physical skills. The study recommended enforcing the ECDE standard guidelines and deploying adequate, trained and qualified ECDE teachers to implement curriculum. The researcher paid keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.

The study determined the dimensionality of WAEC and NECO Economics test items and assessed the difference in each of item discrimination, difficulty and the guessing parameter of the two tests as obtained using CTT and IRT. These were with the view of determining the comparability of the two examinations under different test theories. The research design adopted for the study was descriptive. The population for the study consisted of secondary school students in Osun State and a sample of 540 students. The instruments used for the study were adopted respectively from the 2017 Economics WAEC and NECO Senior School Certificate Examination titled Economics Achievement Test 1 (EAT 1) and Test 2 (EAT 2). The results showed that the difference in the discrimination indices of NECO and WAEC Economics test items when CTT was used is not significant (U=1.52, P > 0.05). However, there is a significant difference (U=3.029, P < 0.05) in the discrimination indices when IRT was used. The results also showed that while the difference in difficulty indices of NECO and WAEC Economics test items was not significant with the use of CTT (U=0.138, P > 0.05), the difference was significant when IRT was used (U=2.095, P > 0.05). The results further showed that difference in the guessing parameter of NECO and WAEC Economics test items is not significant (U=1.519, P > 0.05). The results concluded that while the two examinations were comparable under classical test theory, they are not comparable under item response theory.

Introduction: Introduction: Infertility is a worldwide issue that effects between 60 million and 168 million individuals around the world. It influences 13% to 15% of couples around the world. It puts a gigantic mental weight on the barren couple, particularly on the lady, and it might prompt despondency, self-destructive inclinations, and other pathological mental conditions. The restorative meaning of barrenness is the inability to imagine following a year of unprotected sex. Essential barrenness is the powerlessness to consider following 1 year of unprotected sex with no past origination (Abolfotouh, Alabdrabalnabi, Albacker, Al-Jughaiman, & Hassan, 2013). Methods: A descriptive Cross-sectional study design is used in this study because cross sectional study design provides a better understanding about any event or situation. The duration of the study is 4 months Sep, 2017 Jan, 2018. Study population for this research work is the child bearing age female of a rural community of Lahore. The total number of child bearing age female of Hussain Abad is 270 and number of infertile women is 168. Only infertile female are considered. Close ended questionnaire was designed, checked and used to access knowledge, attitude and practice of the participant’s towards infertility. Results: Response rate of this survey was not good and mean number of “Yes” answers to knowledge, attitude and practice questions were 46% and 42% respectively. Conclusions: Knowledge, attitudes and practice about infertility among adolescents was partial. Results of this study indicate lack of understanding about basics of preventive measures and prevention of infertility. The study had been determined the knowledge and attitude of people regarding infertility prevention. The level of knowledge was good among people but there was no significant association between attitude and practices regarding infertility prevention among the women. Moreover the people have poor practices toward infertility prevention. Furthermore factors (poverty,

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the influence of maternal anthropometry on the birth weight of the newborn. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Maternal anthropometry like height, weight, BMI, symphysis fundal height, abdominal circumference, upper mid arm circumference and neonatal parameters like birthweight, head, chest and abdominal circumference were recorded. Mothers were classified on the basis of BMI into 3 groups: Group I BMI 22.57, Group II BMI< 22.57-26.52 and Group III BMI >26.52. Results: Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2) of < 22.57 belonging to group I gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.59+0.14 or female babies weighing 2.38±0.40. Mothers with a body mass index (kg/m2) of 22.57-26.52 belonging to group II gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in kgs) of 3.40 ± 0.26 or female babies weighing 2.67+0.24. Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2 ) of >26.52 belonging to group III gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 3.40±0.30 or female babies weighing 2.87±0.67. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non-significant (P>0.05).

Presidential Regulation Number 16 Year 2018 concerning Procurement of Government Goods/Services states that the method of selecting a Goods rovider/Construction Work or Other Services consists of: a. E-purchasing; b. Direct Procurement; c. Direct appointment; d. Fast Tender; and e. Tender. E-purchasing as intended, according to this presidential regulation, is carried out for Other Goods/Construction/Service Works that have been listed in the electronic catalog. Whereas Direct Procurement as intended is carried out for Other Construction/Service Goods/Works which have a maximum value of IDR. 200,000,000. Direct Appointment as intended for other Goods/Construction/Service Works under certain circumstances. The Fast Tender as intended is carried out regarding a. Specifications and volume of work can be determined in detail; and b. The business actor has been qualified in the Provider Performance Information System, and the Tender as referred to is implemented if he cannot use the Provider selection method as referred to in certain circumstances. Procurement of goods and services must be applied to general principles, both principles that have long been recognized in the management of state finance, such as the annual principle, the principle of universality, the principle of unity, and the principle of speciality and new principles as a reflection of the application of good rules in managing state finances.

Law enforcement by deliberation and consensus or Restorative Justice System conducted by the Police and Community Partnership Forum is another police effort in law enforcement beyond the law enforcement in conformity through the District Court. Problems reviewed: 1) What is the legal aspect of the Police and Community Partnership Forum? 2) What is the benefit of the implementation of a criminal case settlement through Deliberation and Consensus or Restorative Justice for society and the State? 3) What are the obstacles faced by the process? The research that the authors do is a sociological law study and the approaches used include actual daily practice approaches or empirical statutes, conceptual approaches and comparative approaches. The deliberative and consensus-based policy on the settlement of criminal disputes in Indonesia has not been largely regulated while most of the settlement of criminal disputes are resolved conspicuously through the general criminal court of the District Court. However, in daily practice in the Semarang city community, there is a criminal dispute settlement through the deliberative and consensus process / Restorative Justice that is pioneered by the Police and Community Partnership Forum. Restorative Justice's policy in criminal cases has not been set in Indonesia's positive law, but the future will show the development and attention of Restorative Justice as an alternative judiciary, evidenced by its accommodation in the judicial law of a child. The conclusion is that in real life practice there has been a criminal case settlement through the "Restorative Justice System" pioneered by the Police and Community Partnership Forum, this is a manifestation of the practice of Pancasila values.

This research deals with the effect of integrating Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) strategy with vee diagram on students’ reading skill. This research was conducted in UMN Alwashiliyah Medan in which the population was all semester II English students. Two classes with 30 students for each were selected as the sample of the research. To achieve the aims of the research, quantitative research method was applied with true experimental design. Vee diagram test was used as the instrument of the research. The study showed that the integration of Directed Reading Thinking Activity strategy with Vee diagram significantly affected students’ reading skill. The data obtained also showed that implementing Directed Reading Thinking Activity with Vee diagram significantly affected students’ reading skill.It could be inferred that as long as cognitive skill was activated by Directed Reading Thinking Activity with Vee diagram, students’ reading skill will be higher since reading is a cognitive process in which the students have to increase their cognitive aspect into (C5) synthesis and (C4) analyze in order to be able not only to understandbut also to interpret the text well.

Introduction: The onset of falls is shocking for elderly and their families, extremely affecting elderly quality of life and taking a severe economic fee. Falls and its consequent injuries are major problems that often require medical attention. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess risk factors for fall among elderly in a rural community in El-Monofya Governorate. Design: A descriptive exploratory research design was utilized in the current study. Setting: the study was conducted at in a rural community in El-Monofya Governorate, Egypt. Tools: Data were collected through elderly falls interview schedule which was designed by research investigators based on an extensive literature review. Including two parts: The first part; includes personnel characteristics of elderly as age, sex, history of fall, level of education, previous and current occupation, the second part included question about intrinsic as well as extrinsic risk factors of falls. Results: the study revealed that the mean age of elderly was 73.842± 8.375; meanwhile 35.3% of elderly were exposed to falls during the last year. Intrinsic risk factors for falls such as chronic conditions ( hypertension, arthritis, asthma, osteoporosis, anemia, renal failure, liver diseases, cardiac problems, cerebrovascular stroke, leg fracture affecting mobility, Alzheimer, and Parkinson’s) were reported by 76.8%, 68.4%, 28.3%, 23.9%, 14.3%, 28.7%, 27.9%, 7.4%, 7%, 4%, 4.4% and 2.6% of elderly respectively. A statistical significance relationship was found between incidence of falls during the last year and computed intrinsic risk factor for falls such as (chronic diseases, poly-pharmacy, stability and movement, vision problems, hearing problems, muscle strength, cardiac problems, orthostatic hypotension, foot and foot wear and fear of falls) at p=0.000. Conclusion: the study highlights falls risk factors which can help in fall prevention program. Recommendations: further researches are needed to identify preventive measures for falls. Raise awareness of elderly and care giver regarding falls and its sequences through health education programs and mass media.

The Shari’ah controversy is an issue that is burning in the hearts of many Nigerians, as they express their opinions in books, newspapers, magazines, Mosques, Churches and many other sources of disseminating ideas and beliefs. Most Christians seem to be antagonists and viewed Muslims as protagonists of Shari’ah through their opinions. This has a negative impact on Muslim-Christian relations and peaceful co-existence in the country. The Shari’ah in Nigeria has a long history dating back to the fifteenth century when Rumfa, the Emir of Kano introduced it and the Mais of Borno (Emperors of Borno Empire) institutionalized Islam as state religion with Shari’ah as a legal code. This study examines the controversies over the implementation of Shari’ah legal system and how the issue of Shari’ah affects MuslimChristian relations and peaceful co-existence in Nigeria. The paper begins with conceptual discussion about Shari’ah. This is followed by an account of the history of Shari’ah in Nigeria, colonialism and Shari’ah as well as the bases for Christians‟ antipathy of Shari’ah implementation in Nigeria. The paper also discusses the impact of Christian perception of Shari’ah on Muslim-Christian relations and finally makes a conclusion.

Open apices are considered to be the most challenging cases in endodontics. The rationale of this case report was to observe the effect of MTA and biodentine on root end formation in the same patient. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and biodentine were used for formation of apical plug followed by further obturation with gutta percha. It was reported that the initial root end formation was better in the case where MTA was used as apical plug material as compared to Biodentine

Drug therapy is fundamental part of healthcare services. Increased cost of treatment is associated with the poor patient compliance and outcome. So, efforts should be made to choose the drug with minimum cost without affecting efficacy of the drugs. In tropical region like India, fungal infections are more common and some of them are life threatning. These superficial fungal infections require long term therapy significantly increasing the cost of therapy, so the treatment of fungal infection can raise economic burden on the patient. Cost in Indian Rupees (INR) of antifungal agents manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies in India was collected from the Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS), July – October 2018 issue. Minimum cost, Maximum cost, Cost ratio, Cost variation were calculated. Forty six percentage drugs show cost variation of more than 75%. In oral dosage form, Itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafine show the maximum cost variation. In topical single drug therapy clotrimazole and miconazole show maximum cost variation. In topical combination therapy, combination of miconazole+ clobetasol+ gentamycin+ Zn sulphate shows maximum cost variation. There is wide cost variation among antifungal agents available in Indian Market. There is need of strict actions for cost policy regulation and sensitization of doctor for selection of appropriate brand drugs.