Squamous cell carcinoma of kidney is extremely rare tumor and the incidence is less than 1% of all renal malignancies. In the world literature till now, very few cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of kidney have been reported. Squamous cell carcinoma is frequently associated with renal calculi and hydronephrosis. Squamous cell carcinoma of kidney is very aggressive, presents at an advanced stage and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we report a case of squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in hydronephrotic kidney with multiple renal calculi in a 60 year old male patient. Patients presenting with long standing history of renal calculus and associated hydronephrosis should undergo extensive diagnostic workup for the early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, so that we can reduce the morbidity and mortality.

The population of Nigeria is not only large, but is also expanding by the passage of time. It is therefore significant that many Nigerians speak Nigerian Pidgin English. This study examines how Nigerian Pidgin English contributes to the development of the country as it gains recognition and operates across facets of nation-hood. When language is used to impinge on the value-system of society through the transmission of information and consciousness, then nation-building is in operation. The literature is replete with critical perspectives on the position of Nigerian Pidgin English in multilingual Nigeria. Hinging on the Independent Parallel Development Theory and the Neutralist Perspective, this study concludes that Nigerian Pidgin English contributes to the building of Nigeria as it is used to convey useful information for national integration and sustainable development.

The study examined the effect of electronic banking on the profitability of deposit money Banks in Nigeria. Banking industry is confronted by a new innovation imposed by technology transformation that has changed the way banks conduct their activities from traditional means to electronic means. Furthermore, this study investigates how the electronic banking channels through internet, mobile, POS and ATM have impacted on deposit money banks profitability. It is against this background that the study examined the effect of electronic banking on the profitability of deposit money Banks in Nigeria. The methodology of the study was quantitative in nature. Using time series data of 2006 – 2015, the study employed regression technique in the analysis of sourced data. Data were collected from secondary sources through annual reports of deposit money Banks in Nigeria. Electronic banking was measured using the total values of internet banking, mobile banking, POS and ATM while Profitability was measured using profit margin of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Profitability was regressed on internet banking, mobile banking, POS and ATM using ordinary least square regression technique. The study revealed that positive relationship exists between mobile banking and Profitability, and between ATM and Profitability. In addition, there is also a statistically significant relationship between POS and Profitability while there is no significant relationship between internet banking and Profitability. As such, E-banking has a positive effect on Profitability of deposit money banks in Nigeria. It is therefore, recommended that banks must offer numerous services through internet banking and effective transaction through the POS Terminals.

Inculcation and practice of values are indispensable for social coherence and development in any human society. As guiding principles for accepted behavior in the society, values are highly informed and influenced by cultural and social contexts. Virtually every nation counts on education as a veritable instrument for the inculcation of values. Every nation has its own set of values which it considers to be catalytic to its development if well inculcated through education. Nigeria, as a nation, has such values. However, it is doubtful, based on the apparent depravity and perversion prevalent in the country, if the Nigerian education is effectively carrying out this task of inculcation of values in the students. This paper, therefore, deemed it necessary to carry out a philosophical appraisal in this regard, using the method of conceptual and critical analysis. The outcome of the appraisal showed that although the outlined values in the National Policy on Education are noble, the Nigerian education system has not been effective in inculcating those values, due to a number of reasons, such as the absence of value clarification, lack of strong emphasis on the practice of values, neglect of some core Nigerian traditional values and teachers’ ill preparedness for the responsibility of inculcating values. Based on this, the paper recommended, among others, that efforts should be made at value clarification, modification of the policy statement so as to strongly emphasize practical aspects as well as our core traditional values, and that adequate attention be given to in-depth knowledge of values in the training and retraining of teachers of all cadres.

The aim of this paper is to examine the state of violation of human rights by crossfire through law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh. Why the protectors become perpetrators has also explored in this paper by highlighting the pattern of violations made by the law enforcing agency and their impact upon the law and order situation in Bangladesh. The law enforcing agencies are mainly responsible for maintaining the law and order, protection of life and property of the citizens and prevention and detection of crime to establish rule of law in a state. However, the violation of human rights by the law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh has been increasing severely for the last few years. The existing legal framework of law enforcing agencies has some limitations and not implemented properly. Some recommendations are put forwarded for the eradication of the pitfalls of security forces which would be helpful for making new policies and laws by the government. As a result, common people interest and rights will be protected and promoted. The paper is qualitative in nature and case study on Bangladesh based on mainly secondary sources of materials.

A clinical study has been carried out (from July to September, 2019) in order to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in horses and donkeys in the Attock region of Punjab-Pakistan. A total of 100 horses (50 stallions and 50 mares) and 100 donkeys (50 jacks and 50 jennets) were examined and T. evansi was searched by the examination of wet blood film and stained thin smears (Giemsa& field staining).Eleven horses (11%, three stallions and eight mares) and 9 donkeys (9%, four jacks and five jennets) were positive respectively. However, further studies and efforts must be done by the society, government and private institutions in order to develop control measures in diseased studs/areas and to avoid dissemination of the disease.

Introduction: As we aim to cater high-quality health-care system to the masses with limited available resources, increased usage of generic medicines can improve affordability of the health care without compromising the quality. The attitude of healthcare providers is a significant challenge towards dealing with the rising healthcare cost. It is during internship that attitudes of future physicians towards prescribing are developed. Data regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of intern doctors for the use of generic medicines are lacking. Objectives: The study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of intern doctors regarding use of generic medicines at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted after the approval of institutional ethics committee among the intern doctors at tertiary care teaching hospital, who were willing to respond to the study questionnaire were enrolled. The pre-validated questionnaire with 11 questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice were sent to the participants via email. Responses were submitted online and data was analyzed in frequency and percentage.

The liver one of the vital organs of the human body. Its main job is to sieve the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines. The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions. The present study evaluated the adverse effect on the liver biochemical indices following dermal exposure to nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) on 25 albino whister rats. 10 albino whister rats served as control while 15 albino whister rats were treated and grouped into 3 based on the treatment scheme (1ml, 2ml, and 3ml). The body weight, serum biochemical assays of the liver where evaluated. The result obtained shows that there was an increase in the weight of the control (untreated) (101.20±2.781 and 111.40±2.591) for weight before and after treatment respectively with a statistically significant for the control, while the treated group (BLCO) had a mean of 120.00±10.351 (before treatment) and 106.33±10.431 (after treatment) showing a significant decrease in the weight of the exposed albino whister rats when compared with the control. The biochemical assays shows that ALP increased as the dose increased (1ml) 14.00±0.00, (2ml) 12.80±1.095 and (3ml) 13.40±2.191 respectively when compared with the control. The AST and ALT decreased as the dose increased (1ml) 218.20±25.743, (2ml) 59.80±12.050, and (3ml) 25.20±1.095 when compared with the control.

The aim of this project was to find out the strength of the soil samples with different height to diameter ratio. To compare the similar properties of different samples identical soil samples must be required. To reach up to this goal reconstituted samples were used to find the strength of them. Unconfined compression test were performed on the reconstituted soil specimen to investigate the variation of strength with the variation of specimen height to diameter ratio (H/D).The undrained shear strength of clays is commonly determined from an unconfined compression test which is necessary for the determination of the bearing capacity. It can be performed on both undisturbed and remolded specimen. In order to assure and predict the longibility and settlements of the structure due to load it is very important. H/D ratio of between 2 and 3 is generally recommended by accepted scientific and technical authorities. Nevertheless, published reports on the effect of specimen shape on soil strength are scarce. The value of test decreases significantly with increasing H/D ratio. It is less steep when the ratio is between 1.25 and 2.50. The soil samples used for this project are collected from four different locations in Dhaka. The test was performed on undisturbed soil specimen. In addition few more tests are done to know the index properties of soil. The range of variation of the ratios was 1.0 to 2.5 in this project. It was seen that the strength of soil samples was almost same for the range of ratio 1.75 to 2.5.

Background: Prolonged gestation complicates 5% to 10% of all pregnancies and confers increased risk to both the fetus and mother. In the west about 18% of all singleton pregnancies persist > 41 weeks, 10%, >42 weeks and 4% (range, 2% to 7%) > 43 weeks without any obstetric intervention. The risks for prolonged and post-term pregnancy include obesity, nulliparity, maternal age >30 years. Racial and ethnic differences have also been cited to be the reasons for higher risk of prolonged and post-term pregnancy. Methods: A prospective study was carried out at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam. 300 patients were selected and divided into three groups and were followed up with Doppler and MBPP till the delivery. Data so collected was subjected to Statistical analysis. Results: Majority of women enrolled in the study were aged around 25 years, multigravida (58%) and the study and control groups were matched demographically. The Doppler & modified biophysical profile was recorded in study and control group. Rate of caesarean delivery in spontaneous & induced, Baby NICU admission &mortality. Conclusions: This study had showed that its use can predict adverse perinatal outcome in low risk pregnancy in prediction of asphyxia. Hence our study recommends use of combimed Cerebroplacental ratio & MBPP has better sensitivity in postdated pregnancy to predict adverse perinatal outcome.

Introduction: Cement and bricks manufacturing process will contribute to a high emission carbon- dioxide (CO2) that may lead to global warming. The alternative way thatcan solve the problem is replacing by the use of bricks in construction by plastic bottles filled with sand, mortar and other types of materials. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of using plastic bottles in concrete block. The plastic bottles are used to reduce the cost, Environmental effects and the usage of concrete in the masonry units. Method: Concrete is placed around each bottle to encase it in the masonry units. The study utilizes 500-mL plastic bottles filled with soil and cement mortar placed inside concrete masonry units and analyzing the compressive strength. The testing for compressive strength was determined according to the ASTM C140 standard. Result: This study shows Soil Brick Block and Mortar Brick Block has a similar average compressive strength of 4.6 N/mm2 and 4.4 N/mm2. This abruptly high compressive strength of soil brick block is found due to the ‘Confinement Effect’ shown by the plastic bottle. Thus the use of concrete can be reduced, introducing the soil bottle brick in concrete masonry. Conclusion: Further research on the other properties, economics and environmental benefits can be conducted to confirm the practice of using water bottles inside concrete blocks. And this study recommends the Soil Brick Block can be used in footpath, river banks and other such structures where only high compressive strength is necessary.

Solanum Melongena is a highly nutritive medicinal plant which is cultivated in many countries including Nigeria where it is mainly grown in the northern part of the country.The plant is also applied in folklore remedies in the treatment of different ailments.The present study was carried out to investigate the testicular antioxidant and lipid effects of the fruit of Solanum Melongena on male wistar rats. The rats were divided into three (3) groups of six (6) rats each. Group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Group two (2) and group three (3) were treated with 200mg/kg bw and 400mg/kg bw of the hydromethanol (20:80) extract of Solanum Melongena respectively. Extract was administered orally as single daily dose for a period of 30 days. The results obtained showed that the extract caused significant increase in the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities and also signicantly reduced malondialdehyde level. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly reduced but the serum concentrations of the high density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased. This study have shown that extract of Solanum Melongena inhibit lipid peroxidation and may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in male wistar rats.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays important role in diagnosis of thyroid lesions. However conventional reporting of cytology lack standardize format. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) presented at Bethesda in 2007 to address this barrier and facilitate communication between cytopathology’s and clinician. This study was designed to classify thyroid FNAC according to TBSRTC, calculate malignancy risk by analytical cross sectional study. All the FNAC of thyroid lesions came during August 2013 to December 2014 were classified in to six categories of TBSRTC. Distribution of cases in each category was calculated. Cytopathology examination carried out whenever tissue was available and malignancy risk calculated. A total number 115 patients was enrolled to this study, 96 (83.48%) females and 19 (16.52%) males. The patients’ ages ranged from 17 years to 80 years. The highest prevalence was noted in age groups 41-50 years followed with age groups 31-40 years with for both genders. All FNAS results were classified in to six categories of TBSRTC. The highest prevalence was recorded with benign with 51.3%, followed by A.U.S with 14.7% then U.N.S with 11.3%. Use of TBSRTC for thyroid FNAC reporting helps to highlight increased malignancy risk associated with different classification and malignant categories related to cytology of thyroid lesions.

The research has shown that use of tire rubber as coarse aggregate in Reutilization of waste tire material can help reduce the environmental pollution, generated each year in Oman‘s landfills, where tire waste is often improperly or illegally disposed of. The number of vehicles over the decade has increased considerably, and the need to identify feasible solutions to minimize tire waste is needed. The aim of this project is to identify the optimal use of waste tire rubber as coarse aggregate by partial replacement of 10%, 15%, and 20% with micro silica in the concrete. The objective of this research study is to determine and evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. The micro silica replaced the cement by 10%, 20% in the first experiment to determine if micro silica improved the strength in the concrete. Additionally, in the second experiment, the tire rubber was treated in NaOH solution to determine the bonding improvement between the rubber and cement, while using the same replacement ratio. The mix design was developed for C35 strength for both experiments. Using 150X150X150mm cube moulds a total of 28 cubes were casted and cured for 28 days under normal conditions. The mix proportion used is 1: 1.73: 2.2 with water cement ratio of 0.47. The objective of this research is to determine the fresh and hardened properties of concrete under the influence of rubber and mineral admixtures. The results of the experiments showed a reduction in compressive strength as tire rubber content increased when compared to control mix. However, the tire rubber treated in NaOH solution yielded slightly better compressive strength results overall.

Public service is the main task of the government as a public servant, without exception the village office. The district office serves as the first service to the community. Therefore the quality of service is needed in providing services to the public. Research methods used in this research is qualitative descriptive methods and techniques of collecting data through observation and in-depth interview to the informant. Informants in this study are three (3) key informant namely Lanjas Village and village officials, as well as the Community. Based on the results showed that the implementation of quality public services at the village administration Lanjas quality is still not due to budget constraints, inadequate infrastructure, the number of employees who are still lacking and awareness for the qualified in service. Expected to increase the budget as well as the urban infrastructure facilities, as well as additional staff to provide a quality service to the community.