This research examines a contemporary but disturbing issue in environmental management using Nigeria as a case study. The study probes the major causes, consequences and solutions to urban slums. Using secondary sources of data, themes were identified in relation to issues bothering on urban slums. The paper identifies rural-urban migration, population, explosion, poverty, unemployment, shortage of housing, neglect, poor physical development, poor transportation network, as well as poor waste management as the major causes of urban slums. Similarly, the review indicates that shortage of housing, unemployment, inadequate social infrastructure, waste management, environmental degradation, crimes, insecurity, land use conflicts, health hazards, population, and other ecological hazards as the negative consequences of slums. Additionally, this paper addresses the issue of environmental sustainability by emphasizing that slums are cogs in the wheels of sustainable development. To this end, the study recommends urban redevelopment, sum upgrading, poverty alleviation, provision of employment, provision of social and infrastructural amenities, sustainable waste management, as well as resettlement schemes as measures to sustainable urban environment.

Leukemoid reaction is defined as leucocytosis >50G/l. When it occurs in association with a malignancy, and infection or leukemia has been ruled out, it is termed as paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction. We report a case of a patient presented with fatigue, generalized weakness, and was incidentally noted to have a white blood cell count of 139G/l. Leukemia was ruled out by peripheral smear and flow cytometry. Computed tomography–guided biopsy of thickened omentum revealed poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma. Leukemoid reaction is a diagnosis which must be evoked in front of any extreme hyperleukocytosis apart from associated infectious or hematological situations. This syndrome has an extremely pejorative prognostic value.

Background: Globally, it is known that heath care workers particularly in critical care settings are at higher risk of occupational exposure to infections. Surveillance systems to monitor body fluid exposure have been established in developed world. However, such systems are not available and consequently, exposure to body fluids is rarely reported, documented and monitored in many African countries. Objectives: To assess knowledge, practice and factors influencing adherence of Universal Precautions of infection prevention among nurses at Muhimbili national hospital and Muhimbili orthopaedic institute Dar es salaam Tanzania. Design: Quantitative cross-sectional and observational study. SPSS was used for data analysis. Chi-square test and student t-test were used for analysis of categorical and continuous variables respectively and regression analysis were done to determine any significance. Participants: 144 nurses in intensive care units, emergency rooms and recovery rooms were assessed using a structured self-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist to 42 of 144. Findings: 38% of nurses had good knowledge of universal precautions. 85% reported to always wash hands, however, 34.3% of participants were observed to wash hands before putting on gloves. 94.4% reported to always use gloves, 67.4% reported to always wear a gown and 55.6% reported that they always wear a mask. Regarding sharps management 93.8% reported good practice and 95.2% demonstrated good sharps management practice. Sex and level of education of an individual significantly influenced the hand hygiene practice, working station and perceived severity significantly influenced the practice of wearing protective gear. Training on infection prevention and control significantly influenced sharps handling (All p<0.05). Discussion: Adherence of universal precautions were sub optimal. Reported and observed practice were incompatible as in other studies except in the practice of sharps management which observed results outweighed the reported results. Conclusion: Adherence to universal precaution is variably poor. Surveillance systems to monitor exposures to body fluids is required.

Multiple myoglobin immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a multiple myeloma entity characterized by its clinical severity but also its poor prognosis level, it is usually revealed by bone pain. We report one case of multiple myeloma with immunoglobulin A revealed by renal insufficiency, diagnosed and treated at the hematology oncology department of Hospital National of Niamey.

Goal of prosthodontics is rehabilitation of missing oral and extra oral structures with restoration of normal function of mastication, speech, swallowing, esthetics etc. Defects of orofacial region, whether congenital or acquired, affects the patient physically and psychologically leading to poor quality of life. Benign and malignant lesions in the oral region are common, which requires surgical corrections. Surgical intervention of such lesions results in defects, affecting the function and esthetics of an individual. This case report explains prosthodontic rehabilitation of maxillectomy defect caused due to surgical excision of Ameloblastoma with Hollow bulb obturator with Cast partial denture. By fabrication of this prosthesis it covers the anatomic defect which forms communication among the oral cavity, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus.

Malaria has been reported to be one of the most debilitating illnesses of all time and is the most common parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Methanol extract of the four parts of Ficus sycomorus plant (leave, fruits, stem-bark and roots) were screen for in vitro anti-plasmodial activity using Plasmodium falciparum. The IC50 revealed that the fruits and leave extract have an IC50 ˃ 186µg while stem-bark and roots were discovered to be the most active with IC50 of 20.4µg. In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of organic solvent extracts (Hexane, ethylacetate and saturated butanol) of the methanol root extract revealed IC50 of 40µg, 20.4µg and 20.4 µg respectively. In vivo anti-plasmodial activity of the saturated butanol extract of the root was investigated in albino mice. Thirty (30) mice were inoculated with the parasitized donor erythrocytes containing Plasmodium berghei. One week after parasite inoculation, the animals were randomly distributed into six groups of five mice each. Group 1 served as negative control (not treated), groups 2 to 5 were experimental groups and were administered 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the LD50 (31mg, 62mg, 93mg and 124mg), while group 6 served as positive control (treated with artesunate). The mice were treated orally for seven consecutive days once daily. The results showed that the saturated butanol has anti-plasmodial activity in mice with percentage parasitemia inhibition of 50.6%, 80.8%, 100%, 100% and 100% for groups 2 to 5 and artesunate respectively. The results suggest that the plant have potential for the development of a novel anti-malarial agent.

Dental implants are popular treatment option for replacement of missing teeth. Teeth loss causes alveolar bone resorption. Implant placement may require sufficient bone volume. Therefore bone augmentation can be done prior to implant placement. For bone augmentation autograft, allografts, xenografts and synthetic materials can be used. After augmentation implants can be placed successfully. In this case report autogenous block graft is taken for augmentation. Rehabilitation of edentulous region is done by implant placement.

The Total Aeromagnetic Data covering the study area was subjected to Spectral Depth Analysis and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI).The entire area was divided into nine sections. Spectral Depth Analysis was run for each of these nine sections. The result from Spectral Depth Analysis shows that a maximum depth of 3.174km was obtained around Konkoso in Sheet number 117 of the study area. Minimum depth estimates of 0.586 km were observed around the basement regions. Result obtained from the Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) method has its highest sedimentary thickness of about 2.4 km to 3 km in areas around Kaoje towards the central part up to around Konkoso in the southern part. The shallow sedimentary thickness was found predominantly around Shanga in the northeastern (NE) part, up to around Yelwa in the southeastern (SE) part. Geophysical implication of the result to oil and gas exploration in the area is briefly discussed.

Full mouth rehabilitation always requires meticulous treatment planning and careful attention for procedures. All the efforts are directed towards reestablishing a state of functional efficiency in which, the teeth and their periodontal structures, the muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint mechanisms are all functions together in synchronous harmony. This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a patient with multiple missing and decayed teeth. The specific treatment objective being restoration of masticatory function, esthetic rehabilitation and improved self confidence.

Many of mosquito genera are exophagic that bite humans outdoors. Most community members in Nigeria are in the habit of staying outdoors at dusk for relaxation which can expose them to mosquito bites. This necessitated the design of this study with the objectives to examine the distribution of exophagic mosquito genera in six communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The communities were selected through a multistage sampling method. Adult mosquitoes were collected outdoors from the six communities by using miniature Centre for Disease Control light traps for twelve months. The collected mosquitoes were sorted into sexes and genera. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square using SPSS. Five hundred and five (505) adult mosquitoes were collected outdoors in the six study communities, females (96.6%) and males (3.4%). Mosquito genera collected were Culex (90.5%), Anopheles (5.3%) and Aedes (4.2%). Culex and Aedes Population peaked in October but Anopheles population peaked in July. Availability of mosquito vectors at dusk in these study communities is an indication that the community members could be at risk of mosquito borne diseases.

L'Administration Fiscale a pour rôle de mobiliser les ressources fiscales qui sont prévues par la Loi des Finances d'un Etat. Cette mobilisation se réalise par la mise en exécution, par l'Administration Fiscale, des actes législatifs et réglementaires régissant le prélèvement fiscal. Ces derniers, constituant la législation fiscale, prévoit non seulement des prérogatives de l'administration fiscale mais aussi des droits et des obligations fiscales pour les contribuables. Pour ce faire l'administration fiscale doit pouvoir réaliser le contrôle fiscal dans le stricte respect des procédures fiscales, prévues dans la loi n°004/2003 du 13 mars 2003 telle que modifiée et complétée à ce jour, de façon à garantir un prélèvement juste de l'impôt et aussi d'entretenir des bonnes relations avec les contribuables. Etant donné que ces derniers doivent être considérés comme des partenaires et non des esclaves fiscales. Ainsi, nous pouvons affirmer ce qui suit : une administration qui vous simplifie la vie trouvera en face un contribuable citoyen ; une administration qui respecte les personnes et le droit trouvera en face un contribuable coopératif et une administration équitable trouvera en face un contribuable loyal.

The small saphenous vein (SSV) has several termination modalities and several types of afferent branches. The latter participate in the physiopathology of insufficiency of the small saphenous vein and explain the majority of recurrences after open or endovenous surgical cures. This study details the modes of termination and topography of afferents of the SSV. This is a cadaveric dissection involving 62 members of fresh and embalmed anatomical subjects. A popliteal approach and an extension is made towards the femoral region and towards the lateral malleolus are performed. Several parameters have been studied: the number of SSV, the number and distribution of terminal branches in the popliteal vein, in the great saphenous vein or in the thigh and the existence of musculocutaneous afferents of leg and thigh. We found that 45% of terminations were with a sapheno-popliteal junction. This form was absent in 55% of the cases. Consequently, the termination was either in the great saphenous vein, or in the posterior muscular compartment of the thigh, or in integumentary branches of the leg or thigh, or in the twin veins. This SSV received, in its course, twin veins, femoral veins, and integumentary veins.These anatomical variations of termination make a rigorous clinical and ultrasonographic examination indispensable in order to have a good mapping of the vein an to avoid recurrence of varicoses after surgery.

In this paper, we will study two classes of problems in the acquisition/learning of English by non-native learners, which appear to be familiar to all language learners. We will try to determine the role played according to language universals in the acquisition of these categories. Research on the issue of the grammatical agreement has shown that there are many languages in the world, where the third person singular perfective verb is unmarked as in Semitic languages. In Arabic, for example, the third person singular masculine is the least marked: Dahab (he) went. The omission of the copula is a common problem for many speakers of different languages. In the case of EFL Arab learners, the absence of the copula is attributed either to interference with the L1, because in Arabic there is no copula in the present [1] or to a simplification strategy [2]. The fact that certain types of errors are universal let us believe deeply that universal parameters are causing such errors. The production of common errors in ESL or EFL, or in any other language, can be explained by both aspects of contrastive analysis and universal grammar.

Biotechnology is the emerging field of science that involved for the development of medical products medicines like vaccine based on DNA, recombinant vaccine genomics and proteomics. The purpose of this review included applications of biotechnology in healthcare. Several diseases remain undiagnosed at molecular level. By taken advantage through applications of biotechnology, many advancement has been taken in the in the field of medicine and health sciences. These medicines are alternative of traditional medicines which were used without any diagnosis. In PCR, amplification of gene product visualize in a specific manner. In gene therapy affected cells are replaced with normal cells it can be used for both somatic cells and germ cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has important applications to determine that how chromosomes arrangement involved in the behavior of an individual. Biotechnology also has other important applications in healthcare such protemics , genomics and gene therapy. Several vaccines have been made through using tools of biotechnology. There are some diseases that needed to treat at genetic level though healthcare biotechnology.

Background: The Majority (65.3 the respondents had been living in the ‘Katcha’ houses and none of them used to boil water, obtained from Water and Sewerage Authority WASA supply for drinking. Most (88.1) of the children defecated in the open field and almost all of the mothers (99.0) used to defecate in the hanging latrine. More than one-fourth (28.7) of the children had no habit of handwashing after defecation and the majority (69.3) of the mother's used only water for washing hands after defecation. About one-third of the children (32.7) had complaints of diarrhea with abdominal pain in the last 3 months with 44.5 having a history of the expulsion of any type of worm with stool during that time. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of under-five children with a parasitic infestation about their mother’s infestation. Method: This descriptive study was conducted among mothers and their under-five children of Vashantek slum, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka from March 2003 to June 2003. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was found to be 52.0 (48.5% in children and 55.4 in mothers). The prevalence of Protozoa was 13.2%, for children 15.8% and 10.9% in mothers. Helminthes infestations were found among 39.6% of children and 54.5% mothers. Of the 56 mothers with intestinal parasitic infestations, 66.1 of their children showed positive results. The relative risk of parasitic infestation was 2.478 times higher among the children of the mothers having a parasitic infestation. Of the respondents, 39.6 children and 20.8 mothers had a history of taking anti-helminthic drugs during the last six months. Conclusion: More than half of the study sample has intestinal parasitic infestation with a statistically significant relationship between the parasitic infestation of mothers and children.