Watermelon Seeds oil was extracted using two techniques: chemical Soxhlet extraction and mechanical pressing. The percentage yields were found to be 37.3% and 26.0%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined, and the following values were obtained: Peroxide value 6.78 Meq O2/kg, Saponification value 191.10 mg KOH/g, and iodine value 104.22/100g. According to the fatty acid profile, the oil contains approximately 70.5% unsaturated fatty acids, mainly represented in Linoleic acid and oleic acid, with percentages of 50.31%19.62%, respectively, and 29.5% saturated fatty acids

Background: The use of substances for recreational and other non-medical purposes is alarming in the society. The trend of substance use globally has been phenomenally startling in the last five decades, and has assumed epidemic and worrisome proportions in recent times. A significant number of these substances are used in the treatment of diverse clinical conditions. Objective: The work discussed the protocols for rehabilitation and recovery from substance addiction, strategies for prevention, principles underlying the treatment of substance use disorder, and the various therapeutic measures for containing substance use disorder. Method: The literature search included databases of google scholar, directory of open access journals, cross reference, pubmed, web of science, etc. Articles on substance abuse and addiction were identified and reviewed for selection. The keywords used in the search were: drug abuse, drug addiction, substance abuse, substance misuse, drug dependence and drug use disorders. There was also a scan of the references of identified journal articles. Only works written in English were extracted. Result and Discussion: One hundred and eighteen journal articles and other materials were sourced, while thirty-six (36) articles and other works were identified, extracted and reviewed. Findings show that substance abuse is not immune to any societies. It is a global problem and is responsible for millions of crime and criminality, and their sustenance, as well as many of the deaths, especially violent crimes (e.g., domestic violence, sexual assault, gangsterism, robbery, banditry, insurgency, etc.) in many countries. Substance addiction is preventable and can be treated. No single modality of treatment adequately fits all forms of substance addiction. Relapse frequently occurs during rehabilitation and treatment programmes, and sometimes after many years of abstinence from substance use. Conclusion: The indiscriminate and inappropriate use of legal and prohibited substances is now a serious public health and social concern. Addiction is the most severe form of substance use disorder. It is a chronic and complex, but treatable disease that affects the human brain structure, function, and behaviour. Prevention reduces the scourge of the menace through public health enlightenment programmes. Several modalities are available for treating substance use disorder, and they include psychotherapy or talk therapy (e.g., counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, guided self-help, etc.), medical detoxification, pharmacotherapy, and traditional (herbal) remedies. None of these therapeutic approaches works for everyone. In most cases, a combination of these treatment modalities is used during therapy of substance abuse and addiction. Treatment disrupts the cycle of addiction, which is often times prolonged and intensive.

Assessment of lipidemic status is crucial for predicting cardiovascular risk. However, few studies have compared lipid profiles in our population with other ethnicities. In this pilot study, we investigated and compared the lipidemic status of individuals of Indo-Aryan (Bangladeshi) and Cushitic (Somali) descent to explore potential genetic, lifestyle, and environmental influences on lipid metabolism. We enrolled sixty participants (30 Bangladeshi and 30 Somali) and measured the lipid profiles - including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG) using standard spectrophotometric methods, apolipoproteins using standard immunoturbidimetric methods while the formula was applied to calculate LDL cholesterol (LDL-c). Bangladeshi subjects were older (26.1 ± 2.1 vs. 23.4 ± 2.3 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher body mass index (22.6 ± 3.2 vs. 19.4 ± 2.6 kg/m², p < 0.001) compared to Somali subjects. Compared to Somali, the percentages of HDL-c dyslipidemia was higher (80.0% vs. 43.3%, p = 0.017), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (23.3% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.052) and hypercholesterolemia (20.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.254) and elevated LDL-c (16.7% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.424). TC and LDL-c levels did not differ significantly between the groups but higher triglyceride levels were observed in Bangladeshi individuals (145±113 mg/dL vs. 78±36 mg/dL, p = 0.003) compared to the Somali group. ApoA1 levels were similar between groups, but ApoB levels were higher in the Bangladeshi group, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.408). On adjusting confounding variables, lipids and lipoproteins showed no significant association with ethnicity except HDL-c (β = 5.023, p = 0.020). In conclusion, despite similar apolipoprotein A1 and ApoB levels, the Bangladeshi ethnic group has lower HDL cholesterol compared to Somali adults, suggesting a greater cardiovascular risk relative to the Somali group.

Research suggests that there is an existing disparity among children starting compulsory education, many of whom struggle to meet its demands. This study explores the perceptions of parents of Grade One children in public schools in Oman on school readiness, addressing a context of a diverse early childhood education landscape, where access is predominantly private. A survey design using questionnaires is employed to explore school-readiness conceptualisation, influencing factors, challenges encountered, and the impact of early childhood education (ECE). The findings suggest that school readiness is a complex and multifaceted concept shaped by the interplay of various stakeholders in the research context. They emphasise the significance not only of ready children but also of ready parents, teachers and schools in shaping readiness. Additionally, the research stresses the importance of children starting compulsory education equipped with academic proficiency and familiarity with the schooling system. This indicates a pedagogical shift towards an academic-centric stance and the educationalisation of ECE in Oman, reflecting global trends. However, despite these expectations, this research suggests that children continue to face readiness challenges, including gaps in academic knowledge, school adjustment issues, and limited social skills. ECE emerges as a crucial factor in supporting school readiness, shaping academic knowledge, facilitating smooth transitions, and nurturing social-emotional well-being, despite the persistent disparities. Addressing these disparities necessitates ensuring equitable access to high quality ECE and addressing the multifaceted socioeconomic, cultural, and resource-related barriers to readiness.

Uterotibb is one of the potent Unani medicines that offers a natural solution to various human health issues. The present investigation explores the active phytochemical constituents of Unani medicine Uterotibb using GC-MS analysis. This study further evaluated the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity against a panel of human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtilis, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. GC-MS studies revealed the presence of 388 phytochemical compounds in the alkali aqueous extract of Uterotibb. The main active biomolecules were stigmast-5– en-3-0l, and oleate (2.84%). Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (1.74%). 1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide4-amino-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-(1.75%). Arsenous acid (1.48%). Pentane,1,1-thiobis (1.46%). 7,7,9,9,11,11-hexamethyl-3,6,8,10,12,15hexaoxa-7,9,11-trisilaheptadecane (1.46%). 4-(1,1dimethylpropyl-phenol, trimethylsilyl ether (1.43%). 1,2-bis (trimethyl silyl) benzene (1.36%). Adamantane methyl amine (1.32%). 1,4-benzenediole,2,5-bis(1,1 dimethyl ethyl)-(1.29%). 2-chloro aniline-5-sulphonic acid (1.28%); Acetic Acid, nitro-, methyl ester (1.24%) and Caprolactone oxime, (NB)-O-[(diethylboryloxy) (ethyl)boryl] (1.21%). Notably, Uterotibb extract exhibited antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner, where the highest concentration of 5 mg/mL showed a maximum zone of growth inhibition of 14.95±0.35 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and the lowest zone of inhibition was 13.26±0.88 mm against Bacillus subtilis at the same concentration. The lowest MIC value was exhibited at 2 mg/mL concentration against Staphylococcus aureus where the highest MIC value of 4 mg/mL was observed against K. Pneumoniae. Further, the antioxidant potential of the extract exhibited scavenging activity of 67.115 ± 0.05 and 73.67 ± 0.09 using DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Finally, GC-MS profiling and bioactivity studies of the present work validate Uterotibb's potential as a natural Unani medicine for human care.

This paper presents the streamflow modelling of River Niger at Lokoja and Onitsha streamflow gauging station in Nigeria based on least square regression technique. The flow calibration was performed for eleven years from 1998 to 2008 for River Niger at Lokoja streamflow gauging station and from 1980 to 1990 for River Niger at Onitsha streamflow gauging station. The models were also verified and they gave good results. The performance of the modelling effort was evaluated by calculating statistical measures such as Coefficient of Determination (R2) ranging from 0.9983 and 0.9995, Coefficient of Correlation (R) ranging from 0.9991 and 0.9997, Nash-Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE) ranging from 0.9962 and 0.99996, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) or Standard Error of Estimate (Syx) ranging from 12.68 and 35.66, Mean of Residues (MR) or Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ranging from 7.042 and 33.03 and Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) ranging from 0.9981 and 0.9996 and then the measured (observed) state variables are compared with the predicted (simulated) state variables. The developed models can be used for hydropower electricity generation, water resources development and management within Lokoja and Onitsha towns and to study any post development scenario within the River Niger catchments and for further hydrological studies in the river basin.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of malnutrition in children aged 0-59 months in the Kabondo health zone from 1 July to 31 August 2024. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 93 malnourished children aged 0-59 months in the Kabondo health zone. Due to the lack of a reliable sampling list, this study used non-probability convenience sampling. Indirect observation was used for data collection. Descriptive analysis based on tables, calculation of percentages and the arithmetic mean for quantitative variables enabled us to compare our results with previous work. Results: Malnourished children aged over 24 months were more represented, with a sex ratio of 1.4 in favour of boys. Anorexia, weight loss and asthenia were the main clinical signs observed, with marasmus as the type of malnutrition. Therapeutic aspects were dominated by Plumpynut as well as vitamin A, antibiotic therapy, Mebendazole and paracetamol. The average hospital stay was 13 days, with ¾ of cases discharged cured and without treatment failure, but with a death rate of 5.4%. Conclusion: These results shed light on the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of malnutrition in children aged 0-59 months in the Kabondo health zone.

This paper explores the methodologies and results of an experiment to transform Vietnamese natural language queries into SQL statements. The paper overviews existing Text2SQL models, including state-of-the-art architectures such as T5, GPT, and BERT. These models have demonstrated the ability to transform natural language into SQL with high accuracy, but still face some challenges in handling the semantics and context of the query. This study focuses on developing an effective transformation model and analysing the unique challenges of Vietnamese, a language with a different grammatical and syntactic structure than other languages. The paper also proposes a specific transformation model, combining language preprocessing techniques, a T5-based core model, and postprocessing methods to optimise the generated SQL statements. The transformation process is detailed, from input analysis to generating the final SQL statement. Experimental results and evaluation of the test model show that the proposed model can convert Vietnamese queries to SQL with high accuracy and point out future development directions, including expanding the dataset and improving the ability to handle complex cases in the future.

The seeds of carica papaya fruit have been studied for its gastroprotective action on patients with gastric ulcer due to its rich phytochemical constituents that have strong antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activity. The seeds of the newly cultivated in Iraq c.papaya plant were collected and extracted via Soxhlet apparatus using 70% aqueous ethanol. The ethanolic extract was phytochemically investigated to show the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins. Our in-vitro study model of the gastro protective action of the seed extract used aspirin for the induction of oxidative stress mediated ulcerative lesions in gastric mucosa of mice. Ulceration index (%) and acid output, pH, and gastric volume, oxidative stress levels and Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF) are the biochemical parameters measured in our assay. It was found that c.papaya extract decreased the level of ulceration index (39.67%) as compared with aspirin (121.34%) and (28.12%) of famotidine treated mice. In addition, the c.papaya seed extract showed statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in acid output, pH, and gastric volume, oxidative stress levels (MDA and SOD) and Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF) as compared with Aspirin treated mice. Further isolation of c.papaya phytochemical constituents is promising to identify additional pharmacologic actions

The study examines the relationship between circular economy practices and supply chain sustainability from the perspective of a country with high potential, like Tanzania. This article reviews the existing literature on circular economy (CE) in a systematic manner and provides a conceptual generalization underlining the distinct principles of reduce, reuse, recycle, attempting to align human activity with global resource scarcity and environmental degradation. Yet, in Tanzanian supply chains per se, scant research has examined the role of CE practices on this common goal. By employing quantitative as well as qualitative analyses in this mixed-methods study, the research explores stakeholders’ awareness and attitudes towards implementation of these circular economy initiatives. Surveys from different sectors obtained quantitative data which showed that 80% of respondents knew about circular economy practices and 65% of them indicated that their organization adopted them. Regression analysis revealed that awareness, perceived benefits, regulatory support, and organizational backing were significant determinants of successful implementation. Alongside these findings, a qualitative thematic analysis examined stakeholder perspectives, outlining themes deemed to be important, such as those relating to education, government regulation, cultural attitudes, community engagement, and enablers and barriers to circular economics. These insights show that although there is growing awareness and potential benefits associated with circularity, cultural threats and financial barriers continue to impede progress.

The new curriculum standard of senior high school mathematics points out that it is necessary to grasp the teaching content as a whole and promote the continuous and phased development of the core literacy of the subject. In order to promote the curriculum reform based on literacy, teaching should shift from focusing on isolated knowledge points to attaching importance to the overall design of the unit. This paper takes the equation of conic curve as an example, and determines the core tasks of the unit based on the analysis of the teaching content, learning situation, teaching emphasis and difficulty. Make clear the unit teaching goal and the learning goal of the first class of "ellipse", and then take "ellipse and its standard equation" as an example to design the teaching of specific class hours, hoping to provide useful reference for teachers and promote the reform of basic education.

Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by progressive fibrosis, architectural distortion, and impaired hepatic function. It arises from diverse etiologies including viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and cholestatic disorders. Complications such as portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and hepatocellular carcinoma significantly impact morbidity and mortality, particularly in decompensated stages. Early identification and etiology-specific treatment, including antiviral therapy, alcohol cessation, and metabolic management, are essential to slow progression. Multidisciplinary care, nutritional optimization, infection prophylaxis, and regular surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma are key components of effective management. Liver transplantation remains the definitive therapy for selected patients with advanced disease. As global prevalence increases, there is an urgent need for integrated care models, improved access to treatment, and innovations in antifibrotic therapies. This review highlights current strategies and future directions in the comprehensive management of liver cirrhosis.

This study aims to develop a self- assessment instrument that evaluates the Transition to Practice Cardiac Nursing Program (TTP-CNP) using MEASURE approach in a Tertiary Military Cardiac Specialized Centre in Saudi Arabia. The TTP-CNP instrument’s reliability and validity were evaluated. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to estimate the instrument internal consistency. The construct reliability was measured using test-retest reliability. Content and face validity were measured using content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and face validity index (FVI) and the instrument was determined to be valid and reliable. The instrument can be used as a reliable and valid measure for assessing TTP-CNP programs, however, more testing on larger samples using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is suggested to confirm our conclusion.

This study aims to examine the relationship between physical readiness, emotional intelligence, and work discipline and the professional performance of police officers in the Gasum Sub-Directorate of Ditsamapta, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research employed an ex post facto approach, with a sample of 40 police officers selected using a total sampling technique. The instruments used include: (1) a physical readiness test based on Decree No. Pol: Skep/984/XII/2004 (12-minute run, pull-ups, sit-ups, push-ups, shuttle run); (2) an emotional intelligence questionnaire with a KMO MSA value of 0.760, AVE of 0.760, and reliability of 0.927; (3) a work discipline questionnaire with an average t-value of 8.33 and reliability of 0.981; and (4) a professional performance questionnaire with factor loadings ≥ 0.40 and reliability of 0.70. Data were analyzed using prerequisite tests (normality and homogeneity) and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that: (1) there is a very strong and significant relationship between physical readiness and professional performance (R = 0.923; R² = 0.852); (2) emotional intelligence also has a very strong and significant relationship with professional performance (R = 0.971; R² = 0.943); (3) work discipline has a very strong relationship with professional performance (R = 0.984; R² = 0.968); and (4) collectively, the three variables have a significant relationship with professional performance (R = 0.989; R² = 0.978). It can be concluded that physical readiness, emotional intelligence, and work discipline are significantly related to professional performance, both individually and simultaneously.

Instagram poetry makes for a new and interesting genre, or rather a new sub-genre in literature according to Oliveira & Fazano (2020). In the radically transformed world of social media, poetic expression has also morphed into an emergent form. Instagram poetry democratizes the process of voice and allows poets to publish their poetry, and reach a greater audience with more of an impact. Pakistani poets are not far behind in incorporating this new form of poetry into their traditional modes of expression. Numerous young poets transpire on Instagram, incorporating their words into images to post on their feeds or in their stories. It becomes imperative to notice and hear these varied voices as well as examine and analyze their message. Bringing their poetry to the mainstream with the help of a thematic analysis, this study incorporates the Sociological Criticism theory to explore the prevalent themes. This study attempts to give Pakistani Instagram poets and their subjects the deserved exposure. Applying Belsey’s method of close reading Pakistani Instagram Poetry reveals some major themes across poems and a few minor themes that appear less often. One of the major and prominent themes, as revealed from the study, is the theme of ‘self-compassion’ with several minor themes under this larger ambit. A greater focus on self is possibly the new trend in the subgenre of Pakistani Instagram poetry but further comparative studies with Instagram poets of other nationalities need to be conducted to find out the most common themes in Instagram poetry worldwide.