Cytological examination of body fluids enables us to examine and differentiate between inflammatory, benign and malignant effusions. Cell block (CB) technique is method of cytological examination of serous fluids besides conventional smear (CS) technique. The aim of this study was to compare the role of cell block technique over the conventional smear technique in the cytological diagnosis of serous fluids. This was a prospective study done at our medical college and tertiary care hospital between 2017 to 2020. A total of 114 patients were included in the study that underwent paracentesis for effusion cytology. Equal quantities of pleural and peritoneal fluid received and prepared into CS and CB for examination. Cellularity, architecture patterns, morphological features and yield for malignancy were compared, using the two methods. 71 were pleural fluid and 43 were peritoneal fluids. CS and CB comparison for cellularity showed statistically significant (p<0.05) and comparison of malignant effusion done with McNemar’s test for CB showed that CS method was not superior to CB method in pleural, peritoneal and total body effusions. The stastistical analysis of malignant effusions (n=114) for cell block method for sensitivity was 100%, specificity 79.63%, positive predictive value 21.43% and negative predictive value 100%. The CB method provides high cellularity, better architectural patterns, morphological features and an additional yield of malignant cells than CS method. CB method is superior to CS method.

Pigmented skin lesions refer to lesions that are black, brown or blue in color. These lesions include both melanocytic and non-melanocytic lesions. A number of pigmented lesions are difficult to classify because of wide spectrum of histological appearances and raise the possibility of melanoma. With this study we intended to evaluate the spectrum of pigmented skin lesions and to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the histological diagnosis. In this retrospective study, 75 cases of pigmented skin lesions were reviewed on hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin embedded tissue sections from June 2017- May 2020 in the Department of Pathology at a Tertiary Care Hospital and analyzed according to age, gender, site of occurrence and histological types. Out of the 75cases evaluated there were 23 melanocytic lesions and 52 non- melanocytic lesions. Overall, benign melanocytic nevi (13 cases) were commonest lesions followed by seborrheic keratosis (11 cases). The lesions presented from 1st -9th decade with slight female predominance. The most common site involved was head and neck. Clinicohistopathological correlation showed positive correlation in 55(73.3%) cases and negative correlation in 20 cases (26.6%). Pigmented skin lesions are common presenting problem, while majority are benign a small minority can be malignant. A histological interpretation by pathologist is essential to correctly diagnose these lesions in order not to miss a small percentage of malignant tumors and to differentiate melanocytic lesions from its nonmelanocytic mimickers.

Objective: To estimate the total antioxidant status (TAS), level of Glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma of bipolar disorder (BD) patients and to compare them with those in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The levels were estimated in 154 bipolar disorder individuals and 154 age and sex matched controls without a family history of BD. All the patients included in the present study belonged to North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Student t test was used for comparison. Results: Mean blood plasma levels of TAS and GSH were significantly lower (p=<0.05) while the level of MDA (p=0.06) was higher in cases compared to controls. Gender wise analysis revealed that TAS and GSH were significantly (p= 0.05) associated with BD in both the sexes. Conclusion: A significant decrease in the level of TAS and GSH and increase of MDA in BD cases suggest the probable role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of BD.

Rapid urbanization demands the expansion of infrastructures. The land is a prerequisite to expand those facilities and services; however, urban lands are underutilized, fragmented into smaller pieces, and higher in price. This makes land acquisition lengthy, costly, and ignites social and political issues. Since land acquisition for infra projects demand higher upfront project cost that increases project cost, so this research examines the effectiveness of the innovative method to supply urban land for housing and other infrastructure without land acquisition. This study illustrates the concept of land readjustment with the case study from Nepal, which is implemented in partnership with a private partner (landowners). The study also examines some challenges in project implementation and provides a recommendation for speedy implementation. The result shows that major beneficiaries are both landowners and the government. The value of land increases for landowners, and the government can value capture since the public goods such as roads, drainage, water supply, parks, and other facilities are provided through landowner’s contribution. The self-financing, innovation and cost-recovery characteristics of land readjustment make it an excellent example of public private partnership (PPP) at a smaller scale for sustainable urban development. The findings from this study are important for experiences sharing in the regional context, and the issues identified draws the attention of further researchers and policymakers.

A total of 223 pap tests done on women who attended the outpatient ward for follow-up visits after posthystrectomy for malignant and benign indications between the years 2015 to till date in Mamata Medical College, Khammam and Mamata academy of medical sciences, Bachupally Hyderabad. Each woman under investigation had a clinical history, gynecological examination and a sample collected from the vaginal vault by using cytobrush or Ayres’s spatula for preparing the Pap smear in the pathology department to study the vaginal vault cytology. A vaginal biopsy was also taken in possible cases for histopathology. Aims and objectives: Early detection of invasive and pre-invasive lesions in the vaginal vault in post hysterectomy patients by using Pap test as a Primary screening procedure. To determine the use and effectiveness of Pap smears in detecting Recurrent and primary malignant lesions on vaginal vault samples in post-hysterectomy patients.

NS1 antigen, known as Non Structural antigen is an important antigenic component of Dengue Virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by bite of Aedes aegyptii mosquito. Hemorrhagic manifestations and shock syndrome are most dreaded complications of Dengue IgM antibody is produced in acute phase and IgG in later phases of Dengue and may remain for very long periods.

The concept of land tenure in Indonesia is basically controlled by the state and then granted to its citizens as stipulated in the Main Agrarian Law (UUPA), but in Yogyakarta, there is a land which is specifically controlled by the sultan, thus there are two different concepts that conflict with one another which often creates legal problems related to the status of the land, these problems are then studied further by the author into research with the following problems and that is what are the weaknesses of the implementation of the current Sultanate land rights registration regulations in Yogyakarta and how is the reconstruction of the Sultanate land registration regulations based on justice values. This study uses a socio-legal research approach with data sources, namely primary data obtained in the field and relevant literature as secondary data. The data analysis used was a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the author's research shows that the weakness of land registration of the Sultanate Land in Yogyakarta is that its regulation has collided with several other regulations issued both at the central and regional levels. To overcome this, it is necessary to Reconstruct the land registration of the Sultanate for legal protection based on the value of justice is to strengthen the position of the Sultanate which is royal in nature with the government to protect the rights of local communities who control and occupy the land and buildings of the Sultanate in the Yogyakarta Special Region to increase economic growth and the welfare of the local community based on human values and justice, and legal reconstruction of Article 1 paragraph (4) of Law no. 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of Yogyakarta which in its implementation still respects and strengthens property rights owned by the Sultanate of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.

The Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation (PTDC) recently added a revised website. The Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation (PTDC) recently added a revised website. This aims to enhance Pakistan’s tourism assets from north to south and recognize the country’s capabilities. There is a huge population in Pakistan and the middle class are willing to fly, but it is not easy to travel to foreign destinations. Pakistan's population is approximately 212 million. With a growth rate of up to 2.1 percent, about 38 percent of the population is estimated to account for the growth of the middle class. These social, cultural, historical and natural assets should be recognised to be the real goods the government intends to sell. No further action, let alone the deprivation of the crime of providing this legacy to future generations of Pakistanis, would be taken if they are lost.

Background and objective: One of the greatest challenges for the orthodontist is to select the correct ligation system to get optimum results. Ligation method refers to the means by which an arch wire is held inside the bracket. Recently developed ligation methods have been designed and built directly to brackets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different ligation systems on arch expansion, incisor inclination and with regard to treatement duration in patients with mild to moderate crowding in maxillary arch. Materials and methods: Sixty patients were selected from a pool of patients amenable to non-extraction treatment in maxillary arch and those who satisfied other inclusion criteria. Patients were randomly allocated to three different ligation systems with equal sample size of 20 each. The model cast were evaluated for assessing maxillary arch changes, incisor inclination, and arch expansion. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the influence of the 3 bracket systems. Results: We found that the type of bracket had sgnificant effect on many of the transverse dimensional changes in maxillary arch No statistical significant difference in incisor inclination changes. The use of passive or active self-ligating bracket reduces the treatment duration. Conclusion: Non extraction treatment of crowding in maxillary arch with different ligation methods showed that compared to conventional system use of self-ligation bracket might be mechanically more efficient and had greater magnitude of expansion.

Buildings are the largest consumer of energy and a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This incurs a large sum of money to society. It is evident that incorporating green features in buildings can substantially save energy and water consumption, and reduces GHG emissions; however, it is perceived to be costly both by public and private sectors. Often, the investment decisions are made considering the initial cost of the project. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the costs and potential benefits of green buildings over the life cycle of the project using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), which performs an economic assessment in project appraisal that helps investors and policymakers in better decision making. The study involves a case study of a public office building from Nepal, which is located at Dumre- Bhansar New Town. The existing building is retrofitted with green components such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting for energy efficiency and water efficiency. The results show that investing in green buildings reduce the life cycle cost of the project, and therefore generates value for money in public investment in the long run. A policy recommendation on subsidy helps in scaling the project to private sectors especially residential buildings. The most important contribution of this study lies in identifying the costs and benefits of green building and introducing the concept of life cycle cost using CBA, which increases awareness and removes barriers in implementing green technologies. This paper also acts as an introductory guideline for project appraisal and formulating policies for the Government of Nepal.

Most cities under traditional operation mode, which does not use modern communication technologies, are facing urban issues such as energy crisis. To ensure the quality of living in cities, many governments and organizations are coming with different innovative ideas. Recently, the concept of a sustainable smart city has been introduced. Studies have indicated that facility management is the key to achieving sustainability; however, it is challenging to integrate heterogeneous data. The traditional computing tools are inefficient to process big data, and the operating platform for facility management is mostly two dimensional. This research introduces the framework based on GIS-BIM-AI to solve those problems. The framework is applied to energy demand management in the small part of the real city, its prototype is developed, and performance is evaluated where the most important achievement is the development of a smart city operating platform that has single 3D data repository, efficient AI-based urban analytics tools, and powerful 3D visualization with a control centre to visualize, operate and manage facilities. All these features improve the quality of services and citizen’s satisfaction, saves resources, time and cost, enhances transparency,and promote public participation in decision making, which are the core principles for sustainability.

Jute is the golden fibre of Bangladesh, we hold a large share in the international jute market. Traditionally jute fiber is used to produce yarn and woven fabric. The properties of jute fiber indicates that it can be successfully used to produce knitted fabrics. We can use jute instead of synthetic fibre.This work compares the major quality parameters of knit fabric – weight, fabric density, dimensional stability, spirality, bursting strength, abrasion resistance and pilling, thermal conductivity and wash fastness are tested and assessed the performance of jute in replace of synthetic or cotton for apparel concern. All results are better and acceptable as compare to ISO norms.

Background: Functional appliance therapy has gained popularity and has been used with substantial amount of success in the management of skeletal class II malocclusion. Generally, functional appliances are utilized for the correction of retruded mandible in growing individuals. This study was used to compare and plot the skeletal and dental changes using fixed and removable functional appliance therapy in the treatment of class II malocclusion. Materials and methods: The study population consist of 50 growing individuals who have undergone treatment for skeletal class II malocclusion. The group are divided in to herbst group (n=25) and twin block group (n=25).The lateral cephalograms obtained from these patients and changes analyzed using students paired t –test. Results: The skeletal and dental changes showed statistically significant improvement in antero-posterior maxillomandibular measurement in both groups and but herbst unlike twinblock produce greater dental effects. Although treatment duration was faster in fixed appliance group, both studies showed improved facial profile. Conclusion: The treatment effects of both the functional appliances used in this study for skeletal class II cases are satisfactory and can effectively use for correction of retrognathic mandible in adolescents.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 90 female Nursing students of a nursing college in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Most of the respondents were from the age category 17-19 years Muslim was 67.8% and monthly family income between the ranges of 10,001-20,000. Most of the respondents, 76.6%, said that nuclear from family type. About 23.3% of respondents said they knew about cancer from family history. Most of the respondents, 46.7%, were from the first year, 35.6% of respondents from the second year, and 17.8% of respondents from the third year. Of all, 75.6% were in Diploma and the rest from Basic B.Sc. The majority of respondents said they knew what Breast Cancer was. These risk factors were asked to the respondents, and 56.7% said from family history, 36.7% respondents said from Advanced Age, 27.8% respondents said from early menarche,34.4% respondents said from late menopause,82.2% respondents said from Non lactating, 47.8% respondents noted from the use of Hormone Replacement therapy and 43.3% respondents said from obesity and less exercise. Regarding Breast cancer detection, about 75.6% of respondents said from Breast Self-examination, 83.3% of respondents said from Clinical Breast Examination, 75.6% of respondents said from Breast USG, and 45.6% respondents said from /Mammography. 72.2% said breast cancer is curable. Regarding the treatment of Breast Cancer, 70% said there should be a combination such as- Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, and Surgery. There are many ways by which nursing students can get information on breast cancer. In this study, it was seen that 61(67.8%) said that they had information about breast cancer from an academic background, 72(80%) said from media, 67(74.4%) noted from family & friends, 65 (72.2%) noted from health personnel. Among all the respondents, 64.4% knew what BSE was, and the same number of respondents also thought it should be performed. But regarding the performance of Breast Self-examination, only 25% out of 58 performed it. It was found from the study that knowledge on BSE is significantly associated with age category, year of Nursing, and course of Nursing (P<0.05). Also, it is seen that age category, year of Nursing, and religion were significantly associated with Breast Self –examination (P<0.05).

There are thirteen vitamins in humans: four fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) and nine water soluble (vitamin B complex and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve rapidly in water and are usually easily excreted by the body. Because they are not processed too soon, a steady intake is important. B vitamin supplements available for each vitamin: B1: thiamine, B2: riboflavin, B3: niacin, etc. Niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folate are recognized by name rather than by quantity. B vitamins are usually used in energy drinks and many are advertised with high levels of B vitamins boasting that they can 'go through the day and do not feel nervous or anxious. B vitamins are primarily absorbed in foods such as pork, fish and liver. Healthy vitamin B sources include vegetables (pulses or beans), whole grains, rice, bananas, chilli pepper, tempeh, brewer's yeast and molasses. While beverage yeast has been used to produce beer, its bioavailability varies from low to adverse, as drinking ethanol hinders the absorption of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), biotin (B7) and folic acid (B9). Vitamin C is needed for tissue growth and repair in all areas of the body. It is used as an essential protein for the development, repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth and assists in the absorption of iron.