Bacterial contamination is a growing global public health threat for individuals, food industry, hospital diagnostics and society. While antibiotics can be used to treat most bacterial infections, they constantly accelerate the emergence and spread of resistance bacteria. Today, many antibiotics are ineffective, but the pace of discovery of new antibiotic has dropped substantially. Conventional methods used to detect and quantify bacteria are plate culturing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemical sensors based detection strategies. Molecular based detection method PCR is considered to be another standard method to detect bacteria. This method can be used for bacteria detection with high sensitivity and specificity, but well-trained personnel and costly instrumentations are indispensable. New colorimetric bacteria detection method based on bacterial inhibition of glucose oxidase-catalyzed reaction. The concentrations of microbes access by following the disc diffusion method that using the antibiotics and also discs to differentiate the different strains of bacteria. Bacterial cultures ability grown in petri plates by using the growth medium such as nutrient agar. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is detected with excellent specificity and sensitivity by IDI-MRSA via simultaneous targeting of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassettes.

Enzymes act as a biocatalyst that particularly catalyzed the reactions in the living organism by them to carry out the reaction. Enzymes have application in food, detergent, pharmaceutical and paper industries. Nowadays, the enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme-based processes are preferred to the chemical ones due to the environmentally friendly nature, efficient process control, high yield, low refining costs and process safety. There are many enzymes that are used in different industries for the production of chemicals, drugs as well as other pharmaceutical products. Synthesis of enzymes can be carried out in different ways such as organic as well as inorganic synthesis but it depends upon on the nature of chemicals and reagents used for their synthesis both in laboratory and industrial level. Xylan is the major compounds found in the inner part of hemicullulose to make the cell of plants thicker as compares to the other cells. Ligninase as one of the important industrial based enzyme used to control the pollution in the environment. This enzyme has biotechnological applications in the fields of agricultural sciences for the production of agricultural products. Lipase is one enzyme that is used in fat metabolism for catalysis the fat molecules. It has also other activities other than digestion such as transportation of lipids in the form of triglycerides.

This paper examines obstacles to the existing laws and legislation for the protection of the Rights of Women against Domestic Violence in Nigeria. Domestic violence covers various aspects of violence and harassment to which women are subjected to in Nigeria. Challenges and impediments to the enforcement and implementation of instruments that provides against domestic violence on women is the focus of this paper. It found that the lack of institutional bodies to monitor and regulate the enforcement of extant laws in this regard coupled with socio-cultural norms and traditional values together impede their implementation. In addition, factors such as culture, illiteracy, economic, legal and political, have been identified as fundamentally affecting the efficacy of laws bothering on the rights of women. The paper recommends that existing laws such as the Violence against Persons (Prohibition) and Other Related Matters Act, 2015 which is a federal legislation and other laws that are against traditional practices like domestic violence against women should be reviewed in line with international standards. In addition, there should be in place a body to monitor the implementation of these laws.

Not a few governments of the countries in the Middle East have had their share of woes from pro-democracy movements, commonly known as the Arab Spring – a short hand for series of uprisings that has toppled long-held political regimes. While some of them were peaceful and civil in countries like Tunisia and Egypt, the story is not the same in the case of Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya, et cetera. This paper assesses the decade long civil war in Syria and its effect on civilian victims especially the vulnerable groups amongst them. From civil protests and demonstrations; to political concessions by government (which were bluffed); and the eventual clamp down on protesters by the regime. As is common to such protests in other Arab nations, the violent military response by the Assad regime radically militarized the hitherto peaceful protesters with the sad consequence of a full blown civil war in 2011. As yet, there is no committed peace effort either at the international or regional levels. Foreign involvements in the Syrian war have fundamentally changed its dynamics. It has sharply perforated the loose bond that had existed and shred Syria along ethnic, religious and sectarian lines with each engaged in a war of attrition for survival using their different armed militias. At the receiving end are civilians whose life-support facilities are directly targeted and destroyed; are being sexually assaulted; abducted and killed and in dire humanitarian situation as a result of mass displacements.

American messianism is based on the idea that the United States is the bearer of a divine message to all nations. This concept lies on several realities on which a certain mythology of America has been built over the centuries. In short, it is the idea that the United States is the best hope for solving many of the world's major problems and should show the way to other nations. This theory considers the United States to hold a special place among the nations of the world in terms of citizenship, historical development, political and religious institutions. Self-esteem is therefore a valuable commodity for any country, but the problem is that when a nation like the United States begins to think it has a mandate from heaven and is convinced that it cannot fail or be led astray, such a leadership would be regarded as imperialistic. The American model is now taken as a huge soft power propaganda using religious arguments and tools to ensure its domination over the world.

Obesity is a complex condition that is caused by a mixture of medical, psychological and environmental factors. Childhood obesity is characterized by rise in the number of fat cells. It is one of today’s visible yet neglected Public Health problems with serious health implications such as type2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that affect individuals in all ages and socio-economic groups. This was a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the prevalence of obesity and factors that contribute to its occurrence among school-aged children in Kakamega. The objective of the study was to determine prevalence and risk factors among school aged children attending both private and public schools in Kakamega county. Purposive sampling was used to select the target geographical area, simple random sampling was used to identify twenty-four schools, stratified sampling was used to select the class levels (1-4) and systematic sampling was used to select the target population (400 pupils). Data were collected by use of Structured questionnaire and anthropometric data sheet. Statistical package for social sciences (version 25), Epi-info, Nutri-Survey were used to analyze data. Pearson’s Product moment correlation and chi-square was used to test the hypotheses. Results from the test indicated that there was a significant relationship between type of school and obesity (x2= 49.626, p<0.05), there was no significant relationship between gender and obesity (x2=2.867, p>0.05), there was a significant relationship between leisure activity and obesity (x2=4.094, p<0.05) and there was a significant relationship between meals consumed for dinner and obesity (x2=71.123, p<0.05). Pearson product moment correlation results indicated that there was a significant but very weak negative correlation between time spent on physical activity and obesity. (r=0.2, p=0.038). Prevalence of obesity among school-aged children was found to be 25.6% with more boys (27%) being obese than girls (26%). Factors that were associated with the development of obesity were low levels of physical activity and consumption of foods that are dense in carbohydrates and fats. In schools studied 58% of the pupils ate three times in a day although majority of the respondents from public schools had fewer meals in a day than those in private schools. Respondents from public schools were found to be more active than those in private schools.40% of the pupils from public schools spent their time playing while 39% spent their leisure time watching television. This study concludes that prevalence of obesity among school aged children in Kakamega is quite high which compares to rates in most developed countries. There is need to plan for most efficient interventions not only to ensure that we are food secure but also maintain healthy lifestyles and reduce the prevalence of obesity among school-aged children.

Forensic science is an application of scientific knowledge and methodology to criminal investigation and legal problems. Forensic dentistry is the branch which comes under this forensic science that deals with proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence that is presented in interest of justice. Here the dental knowledge is applied to criminal and civil laws. A prosthodontist play a major role in fabrication of prosthesis as identification tool for requirement of medico-legal investigation. This article describes about labelling a denture using Aadhaar card barcode and unique identification number which will be useful for investigation.

Zinc as one of the heavy metals that influence of the growth of the plant. Its deficiency in plants leads to abnormal growth of roots cells that ultimately inhibited the RNA and proteins synthesis. Sunflower has gains much important in agricultural pint of view due to its morphological characteristics. High and low concentrations of the zinc have been evaluated on the different parameters of sunflower. Water in the concentrations of 25 ml were applied carefully to the each pots and crops were harvested for evaluation of microbiological and morphological parameters such as for number of leaves of sunflower hybrids, root dry weight of sunflower, shoot dry weight of sunflower, chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids. In relation to biochemical attributes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were reduced while a subsequent elevation was observed in carotenoid. Maximum reduction of growth, biochemical and physiological parameters was noted at 40mM concentration of zinc. Zinc toxicity involves in inhibition of cytoplasmic enzymes and damage to cell structures due to oxidative stress. It alters the catalytic function of enzymes which damage the cellular membranes and inhibit root growth. Zinc stress cause maximum effect on hybrid FH674 as compared to other hybrid FH687.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast (NEBC) represent a rare subtype of breast cancer, accounting for 2-5%. They generally present a more aggressive clinical form with a strong tendency to local and distant recurrence compared to other types of invasive breast carcinoma and they do not present specific clinical or radiological characteristics. We report the case study of a 58 years old female patient with primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.

The process itself of staging of the disease during pregnancy and the treatment should comply with current standards, to the extent possible. Surgery and/or chemotherapy are considered to be fundamental methods of treatment for invasive cervical cancer during pregnancy. Tactics in the treatment of such patients is determined by a range of factors and depends on gestational age at the time of diagnosis, the stage of the disease, tumor size, as well as on the involvement of regional lymph nodes and the woman’s desire to continue pregnancy. Case Description: A 32 year-old patient, grand multipara, admitted for spontaneous metrorrhagia of low abundance during a 7 month pregnancy (date of last menstrual period is inaccurate) for which she consulted in the private sector where she underwent a gynecological examination that showed a tumoral process of the cervix, and then a biopsy that revealed a cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was then referred to our departement for further care; we decided to perform a C-section at 34 weeks of ammenorrhea, giving birth to a male infant with a birth weight of 2300g, and then a CRC. Conclusion: The incidence of cervical cancer in pregnancy is itself not very high, and the symptoms are easily confused with other diseases in pregnancy. During pregnancy, gynecological examination is limited, and therefore, the rate of misdiagnosis is higher. The treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy is related to many factors, such as tumor size, pathological type, period of gestation, lymph node involvement, and patients' willingness to maintain pregnancy.

Background: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease unlike other cancers. HPV infections have a long incubation period to cause cervical cancer. Other risk factors like early age of conception, illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, use of OCPs for a long period of time, low folate level, high parity and smoking predisposes to cervical cancer. Materials and Method: Present study aimed to identify the risk factors responsible for HPV infections and its association with development of cervical carcinoma in women of age group 20 to 65 years with history of white discharge, blood-stained discharge; heavy menstrual flow, intermenstrual spotting, and postcoital bleeding attending Gynaecology OPD samples of cervical scrapping, Pap smear, Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and Visual Inspection with Lugols Iodine (VILI) was taken for detection for high-risk groups for cervical cancer and its association with different risk factors. Results: HPV infection prevalence in our study was 20% among total of 100 patients. PCR positivity was highest among the age group 30-39 years. HPV infection was highest among the age group 19-20 years. Multiparous women having 3 or more children had shown high positivity for HPV- DNA. Illiterate women and women with only up to primary education had shown the highest HPV infection and it was 18 %. Nonvegetarian women had highest HPV infection. Major symptom of the PCR positive cases was white discharge. PCR for HPV-DNA was 100% positive in women who had cervical growth. Conclusion: Our study shows the importance of Pap smear and HPV-DNA testing of women in our country where prevalence and risk factors are extremely high. It can identify and help in preventing or treating the condition at exceedingly early stage.

As a communication activity and featuring both cross-language and cross-cultural characteristic, translation transforms the meaning of one language into another. When it comes to translating, it is inevitable to compare features in two different languages. And the research purpose is to find the proper means to translate the culture-loaded words.

Relationship management is seen as key to organizational productivity; as such this study was designed to explore the link between relationship management and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The elements of employee relationship management under study were trust, communication, commitment, conflict management and teamwork. Data for this study were collected from 217 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, partial correlation and multiple linear regressions. Results of analysis support both hypotheses of the study. Based on the results, it is concluded that good employee relationship management brings about increased employee performance of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in organisations. Consequently, it is recommended, among other things, that managers should strive to build good relationships with employees and manage same properly to reap the benefits thereof.

Thyroid diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) presents typically as a rapidly growing neck mass that is sometimes accompanied by respiratory compression symptoms. It is more predominant in women and has a peak onset age of 50 to 70 years [1]. DLBCL should be treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy after diagnosis through biopsy, and extensive surgery should be avoided. Here we describe a rare case of 63-year-old woman who was admitted in our ENT department due to rapidly growing (2 months), painful thyroid enlargement with compressive cervical symptoms.

Thyroid lesions are a common encounter in clinical practice. Standardisation in the reporting of these cases in radiology and cytology is a recent advance. TIRADS system is the standard in the reporting of radiology and Bethesda system (TBSRTC) has been used as the benchmark in cytology. We have undertaken this study with the aim of studying the patterns of thyroid lesions in cytology and compare the same with reporting system in radiology (TIRADS). All the cases coming to the Departments of Endocrinology & Surgery were included and we have 47 cases with a female predominance, 43.7 years was was the mean age of presentation with female predominance, only 2 cases were seen in males. Benign lesions (80%) was predominant over the malignant cases (10%). Most of the cases come under category II in the TBSRTC system in cytology which includes nodular colloid goiter, adenomatous goiter & thyroiditis. Taking the TIRADS system into consideration, most of the cases were included under category 3(probably benign) with the malignancy rate as low as 5%.Maximum concordance was seen between TIRADS 3 and TBSRTC IIresults. Thus our results were in par with other similar studies. Fine needle aspiration can thus be performed only in cases which belong to TIRADS IV or V and thus avoid unnecesary aspirations.