The development of artificial bone using alumina and Nsu clay was carried out in order to determine the effect of Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O on the properties of locally developed Al2O3-based artificial bone. The raw materials were used to formulate seven samples (A - G) and shaped using casting method. The physical properties investigated after sintering of the samples at 1400oC indicated that samples A-G had linear shrinkage ranging from 3.17% - 3.98% with percentage porosity ranging from 4.78% - 4.51% respectively. The result of bulk density of the samples ranges from 2.6g/cm3 - 4.20g/cm 3 with corresponding compressive strength ranging from 424.5MPa - 489.1MPa. It was discovered that the lower the percentage of alumina content in the composition, the higher the bulk density, linear shrinkage and compressive strength while the lower the porosity of the samples, vice versa. Moreover, sample D of the artificial bone gave the most favourable result in view of the stated properties above. Therefore sample D can be used for production of artificial bone. However, the investigated physical properties gave results that are acceptable for a standard artificial bone, this product is an archetype, therefore, it requires a clinical/medical compatibility test before it can be put to use.

One of the things that are protected for the benefit of humans is to maintain offspring. For this reason, Islam regulates marriage and forbids adultery, stipulates who should not be married, how marriage is carried out, what conditions must be met, and how is it legal so that the children that are born from that relationship can be considered legitimate and become legal descendants of their fathers. This study aims to analyze the position of the principle of monogamy in the Indonesian Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage by analyzing the application of the principle of monogamy in Law Number 1 of 1974 to reconstruct this law based on justice value. This research is a normative-legal type of research that is used to examine the function of a norm that lays the law as an instrument that regulates and controls society. The approach used in this research is conceptual, a statute approach, a philosophical approach, and a comparative approach. The analysis used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. The result shows that the marriage in Law Number 1 of 1974 which has been used so far has not fulfilled a sense of justice, especially for husbands who want to practice polygamy even though the wife has been permitted to do polygamy. Article 2 paragraph (2) provides special conditions for husbands who will have polygamy, namely permission from the court, even though permission from the first wife is already owned. This is certainly a burden for the husband because he has to deal with the court which of course requires time, money, and energy. In addition, the court's participation in granting permission for polygamy according to the author is a form of court intervention in other people's household affairs.

Thyroid adenomas (TA) are benign tumors, but there is a 20% possibility of malignant transformation. The distinguishing between the TA and thyroid cancer (TC) is tricky, therefore new TA biomarkers are needed. Furthermore, the role of trace elements (TE) in etiology and pathogenesis of TA is unclear. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the content of ten trace elements (TE): silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in the normal and adenomatous thyroid. Thyroid tissue levels of TE were prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with TA and 105 healthy inhabitants. Measurements were performed using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of long-lived radionuclides. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for TE analysis. It was found that in adenomatous thyroid content of Ag, Cr, Hg, and Zn were significantly higher than in normal gland tissues. Thus, it is possible to suppose that the considerable changes in TE contents in the adenomatous transformed tissue of thyroid can be used as TA biomarkers.

Age related stereotypes have greatly influenced the availability of employment opportunities for older women as well as their representation in different fields of work. One such field of work is the fashion industry, where ageism has been rampant, as many women above the age of 40 have been neglected and feel unrepresented. In this paper, different dimensions of ageism and how they affect the employment as well as the representation of older women in the fashion industry have extensively been discussed and analyzed. It is estimated that about 2 billion people, including women, around the world are to be aged over 60 by the year 2050, and hence, it is necessary to put an end to age related discrimination, stereotypes and prejudices [i].

The health challenges of students’ in tertiary institution have become imperative that increase attention be given to the method of health care delivery. The major purpose of the research is to develop a preliminary mobile health system (mHealth) for students in tertiary institutions. In this research, the waterfall model of software development methodology was adopted in developing a user friendly, web based, and mobile health system. The mHealth system developed has two interfaces: Students and Admin interface. The system has the ability to diagnose diseases, proffer treatments, give health advice and book appointment for students by assigning username and password to every student after registering with the Admin. Since increase utilization of mobile technology by tertiary institution students has been observed in recent times, it is expected that this mHealth system will address problem such as long queues, ensure prompt treatment and problems associated with the tertiary institution social health insurance programme (TISHIP).

Objectives: To explore whether work-related value influence nurses job satisfaction among Saudi Nurses at Major Tertiary Hospital. Methods: Used a descriptive correlational research design was used. The study was conducted in all in-patient and Outpatient, and critical care units at the tertiary hospital. A convenience Sampling Technique was used. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire comprising demographic characteristics, a work value questionnaire, and a job satisfaction survey. Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficient were used as the statistical tools in treating the data gathered. Results: One hundred thirty Saudi nurses participated; most of them were females working in the tertiary hospital. Respondents are working for more than five years in the hospital. Moreover, Saudi nurses are highly educated, more than 40 % are holding with a BSc, and most nurses at tertiary hospital in Riyadh have stayed in their current position. Results revealed that the respondents moderately agreed with the work values as perceived by Saudi Nurses and were slightly satisfied concerning their job satisfaction. A positive association between work values and nurses' job satisfaction is significantly related to work values and job satisfaction. Conclusions: The work value was positively associated with nurses' job satisfaction. Leaders should pay more attention to create positive work value to increase job satisfaction for nurses and increase their stay.

The hypomineralized enamel lesions have 20% less mineral content, substantially reduced calcium and phosphorus ratio, and an increased carbon content which increases the likelihood of demineralization. The application of remineralizing agents on these lesions have been tried. In the present pilot study, to assess the change in mean fluorescence after the application of self-assembling peptide (SAP) on hypomineralized enamel lesions on ten MIH-affected incisors using laser fluorescence. After a single application of SAP, there was a decrease in the mean fluorescence score record with Diagnodent at two-time intervals i.e., baseline and one-month post-application. Thus, it can be concluded that the SAP application could use as a viable treatment option.

The performance and emission characteristics of a stationary four-cylinder, four-stroke, compression ignition (CI) diesel engine have been studied at 2000 rpm with pure diesel and watermelon seed oil methyl ester (WOME)-diesel (D80) blends with the additives acetoacetic ester, CuO and CuSO4 nanoparticles. A three-level factorial design was used to determine the quantity of WOME and the additives mixed with D80 in the experimental runs. The emission (H2S, NO2, CO and exhaust gas temperature (EGT)) and performance (fuel consumption (FC), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE)) properties were very much improved above WOME20D80. The emission properties were also better than diesel, except NO2 that was higher by 6.3 %. The performance properties were much better than WOME20D80 but not as good as diesel. Compared with diesel FC was 11.4 % higher, BSFC 11.4% higher and BTE was 4.3 % lower. These emission and performance values are better than most of what had been reported in the literature; the acetoacetic ester provided additional oxygen to ease combustion. The experimental data have been fitted to a second-order polynomial equation and subjected to analysis of variance leading to some equations that may help predict the emission and performance properties of CI engines.

This study was conducted to analyze the profitability of Aman rice Binadhan-17 producing farmers in Sunamganj, Rangpur, Gopalganj, Pabna and Magura districts of Bangladesh. This study was based on primary data which were collected from 200 Binadhan-17 producing farmers. In the sampled areas data were collected through pre-designed interview schedule from November-December, 2019 for achieving the purpose. In the study, costs and return analysis were done on both cash cost and full cost basis for estimating profitability. The cultivation of Binadhan-17 was profitable from the viewpoint of the farmers. The study found that Binadhan-17 production is profitable. The average net return per hectare was Tk. 34207.56. The net return was highest in Rangpur (Tk. 38536.88/ha) followed by Magura (Tk. 36091.84/ha), Gopalganj (Tk. 35783.18/ha), Pabna (Tk. 32345.11/ha) and Sunamganj (Tk. 28280.80/ha) respectively. Benefit cost ratio was 1.47 and 2.17 on full cost and cash cost basis implying that the Binadhan-17 cultivation at farm level was profitable. Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen to determine the factor affecting gross return of Binadhan-17 production. All of the factors namely, human labour cost, power tiller cost, seed cost, fertilizer cost and insecticides cost were statistically significant and positive. The regression coefficients of irrigation cost for Binadhan-17 under all areas were positive but not significant. The farmers in the study areas encountered some constraints to Binadhan-17 production. The first ranked constraint was unavailability of seeds in all areas (84%). Other constraints were lack of training (64%), lack of technical know-how (38%), lack of capital (30%), lack of storage facility (17%), natural calamities (14%) and low education level of farmers (10%). The economic return of Binadhan-17 production encouraging to the farmer’s for more cultivation.

Background: Dengue is a tropical disease caused by dengue virus (DENV). It is one of the most significant arthropod-borne viral infections. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to characterize epidemiological, laboratory markers of dengue infection during the recent epidemic in Lahore. Methods: During the prospective laboratory based observational study, 1,082dengue suspected cases were haematological examined. CBC tests were conducted for the confirmation of dengue infection due to decrease rate of platelets count. Data regarding the laboratory features, platelet count tests were also recorded for the dengue positive patients. Results: Out of total samples 300 cases including were223 (74.3%) were male and 77 (25.6%) were female detected positive for the dengue infection. In the dengue positive patients, the highest prevalence was observed in the age group41-50 years, 76(25.3%) followed age group11-20years, 28(9.3%), 31-40 years, 37 (12.3%), 51-60 years 34(11.3%), 61-70 years, 29(9.6%), 71-80 years, 25 (8.3%), 0-10 years are 9(3%). The highly affected area in District Lahore was Johar Town block B 61(20.3%) followed by Multan chungi (17%), Ewan town and Johar town block A are 34 (11.3%), Mustafa Town 29(9.6%), Gulberg 27 (9%), Shadman 24(8%), Johar Town block D 21(7%) and Iqbal town 19(6.3%). Conclusion: The highly affected area in district Lahore was found Johar town block B. Therefore, the health department should take actions by educating the public about basic cleanliness of the environment. The community should be encouraged to participate in the control of such vector based diseases/infections.

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is said to be one of the complex diseases which is caused by complex interplay between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors, while the major environmental factors, i.e., diet and physical activity level are well known, but the challenge is to identify the genetic factors involves in it. NGS (next generation sequencing) and GWAS (Genome Wide association studies) have led to technical development of genetic variants risked and protection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. NGS which shows the amount of gene which has been expressed and there arrangement of nucleotide bases in the gene fragment which code for protein, also some genes , or a copy of gene which has lost the ability to produce a functional protein, may be due to mutation or inaccurate duplication in the sequence which are termed as Pseudo gene. These expressions of pseudo gene can occur due to SNP’s (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) are DNA sequence variant that occur when a single nucleotide (A, T, C or G) in the genome sequence altered.

Introduction: Colorectal cancers are a major cause of cancer-related deaths around the world. The most common malignancy of the stomach, comprising more than 90% of all gastric cancers. Usually for staging colon cancers preoperatively, radiological images and multiple blood tests are used. Radiological tests, on the other hand, are both difficult and costly to use. Efficient markers are needed for early diagnostic staging in colon cancers. In our study we aim at predicting the grade of colon cancer and prognosis preoperatively by analysing the hematological parameters, which are simple, cost effective and easy to apply. Materials and method: A retrospective study was carried out in line with research regulations, including the approval of the Ethical committee. This study included 61 patients operated in tertiary care hospital during the period of January 2018 and January 2021.For the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, the clinical data was obtained from histopathology request forms, department of radiology and histopathological examination. The hematological parameters were generated from Sysmex XN 1000 autoanalyser. These hematological parameters (hemoglobin, RBC count, MPV, PLR, NLR, PCV, MCV, MCHC, RDW, Platelets, TLC, Absolute neutrophil count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils ) were standardized by routine external and internal quality control checks. Results: In this study, gender and age distribution, female patients were predominant and age group between 51 to 60 was commonly affected. Colorectal cancer was graded based on histopathological differentiation, 19 were found to be of grade1, 27 patients of grade 2 and 15 patients of grade 3. Majority of colorectal cancer were histological grade 2. On correlation, there was significant increase in total leucocyte count, platelet count, MPV, PLR, NLR in higher grades of colorectal cancer. Moreover, there was decrease in haemoglobin, PCV, RDW in higher grades of colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Since hematological parameters are easily accessible inflammatory markers, they may be used to determine the prognosis of the colorectal cancer in association with histopathological grading of cancer.

The study analyses the dynamics of public debt composition in SADC. Following years of external debt explosion in the 1980s, countries restructured public debt in the 1990s after adopting the HIPC programme. Using a combination of analytical narratives approach and pattern models, the study found that since the adoption of HIPC in 1996, some SADC countries shifted from external to domestic debt and had relatively low debt ratios as compared to crisis period. However, a puzzle has been observed, even though debt is low; the region has higher debt service under low debt regime as compared to high debt period. Middle income countries are accumulating expensive private debt. Countries that traditionally relied on domestic and private external debt have relatively stable growth rates as compared to those that have shifted from external to domestic debt. The study recommends that countries should ensure a well-diversified debt portfolio composition over time.

Stomata are made up of pairs of special epidermis cells called guard-cells. Stomata control the loss of water and monitor the gas exchange between the environment and plant by adjusting stomatal pores size. Stomata closure is a common response of plants when they are attacked by herbivores. Long-term or extreme water-stress in the orange trees can result in leaf drop, continuous branch tips drying, and a substantial decrease in the yield of fruit owing to fruit and also flowers abscission. The tissues of leaf can become susceptible to a bacterial incursion during the period of strong photosynthetic-activity and the transpiration, as that physiological process depends on the extensively opened stomata. Genomic editing is a revolutionary technique that allows the scientists to produce new crop types with the greater precision and focus. Modifications that were made previously by the traditional breeding can now be made more easily and quickly using genomic editing tools. Viral infections are hard to control, and the chemical treatment does not eliminate them. Many of the deadly and commercially significant viral infections in the crops can benefit from the use of GE technology to develop viral intervention tactics.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious diseases caused by an intracellular pathogen called Mycobacterium tuberculi. It is a disease prevalent worldwide for its vulnerability, magnitude and morbidity factors. With the advancement in the field of medical science, it is still a serious global public health problem and it is in the top 10 causes of mortality particularly in the underdeveloped countries. Besides the other deadly diseases, TB remains on the horizon of public health, mainly due to its persistence and high rates in communities living in poverty and on the margins of social exclusions. While assessing the challenges due to covid -19 pandemic, simultaneously management of tuberculosis and current strategies adopted to mitigate them.