Mankind is a companionable being and the fact of staying together with varying and various characters usually gives rise to differences. If these differences are not sorted out amicably they may degenerate into disputes or conflicts with far reaching consequences. These disputes may be settled in either a civil or criminal court depending on their nature and the choice of the victim. While the aim of a civil action is to pay damages to a victim who has suffered prejudice as a result of another person’s tortuous act, a criminal action is aims principally to punish an offender whose action offends the society as a whole. The paper however, is concerned with criminal law. The purpose of criminal law is self-protection and to prevent harm to others. In this light, this paper after making clarifications of key concepts, analyze the relevance and actors of sentencing under international criminal law. The paper also seeks to provide the limited province of the judge in sentencing as well as appraise the legal provisions and mechanisms of sentencing in Cameroon and France. In effect, the paper concludes with some salient measures in order to blend theory and practice for effective implementation of Sentencing in Cameroon and France Criminal Law.

This paper examined the emerging trends in the performance of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in the Kenya certificate of secondary school education examinations (KCSE). The main objective in this paper was to establish significant reasons that may have prompted the declining performance in the performance of this subject during national examinations in the recent past. The study involved both primary and secondary data which was skillfully analysed to generate the findings in this paper. Significantly, oral interviews (abbreviated as O.I in the entire text) from teachers of CRE in various schools across the country were conducted to beef up the findings in this paper. It is indeed true from the findings that CRE has been experiencing average or poor performance since 2016 after the introduction of the stringent mechanisms to curb the alleged national examination cheating that had been witnessed in the previous years. It has also been established that CRE is no longer a “booster” subject and the discipline may become unpopular in the near future should the status quo remain.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles of Felodipine by Nano precipitation technique using EudragitL100 and EudragitS100 as a polymers. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, poly-dispersity index, entrapment efficiency (EE), zeta potential, solubility, morphological study, invitro study, Ex vivo intestinal permeability studies and stability studies. Infrared studies showed that there was no drug excipients interaction. Negative values of zetapotential indicated the good stabilization of the prepared nanoparticles. Solubility measurement studies revealed that the solubility of nanoparticles was increased to ten times than the pure drug. The entrapment efficiency was found in between 29.72 ± 3.27% – 63.95 ± 3.50%. The in-vitro drug release was extended maximum up to 12 hrs with Eudragit L100. The curve fitting data shows that the drug release followed first order kinetics, Higuchi’s plots stated non-fickian diffusion controlled. The intestinal permeability of formulated nanoparticles were found to be more than pure drug. SEM shows that nanoparticles were found spherical in structure without aggregation and uniform distribution of the drug within the nanoparticles. Accelerated stability studies were also carried out following ICH Guidelines.

Southeast Asia has a geographical position that is very vulnerable to various forms of transnational crime. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ASEAN as a regional organization for countries in Southeast Asia has a role and responsibility to carry out the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to analyze the factors causing the occurrence of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, and to analyze the forms of regional cooperation in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper uses a normative research type, with a statutory and interpretation approach. The legal materials used are sourced from books, research reports, journals, and international legal instruments. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that there are three main factors that cause transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, the three factors are economic globalization, increasing heterogeneity of immigrants, and rapidly developing communication technology. ASEAN has an important role in actively participating in campaigning for the war against transnational organized crime, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Transnational crime was first discussed by ASEAN in 1997 which later gave birth to the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime Manila, Philippines, 20 December 1997. In addition to encouraging its members to ratify the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 and the promulgation of a number of regional instruments, regional cooperation is also the main key for ASEAN and its member countries in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia.

The high-speed rhythm of life makes it difficult for people to have a whole time to study, and fragmented online learning comes into being in people's lives. Therefore, the research on fragmented online learning is particularly urgent and important. In order to have a deeper understanding of fragmented online learning, this paper investigates the current situation of college students' fragmented learning, and deeply studies the factors that affect the learning effect of online courses, and proposes learning effect enhancement strategies. The results of this paper are not only conducive to enhancing the effect of online learning of contemporary college students, but also conducive to teachers to optimize teaching methods, and provide reference for the development of fragmented learning of college students.

The Coronavirus situation has escorted to the closure of scholastic institutes all around the world. To not interrupt their students’ learning, educational stakeholders had retorted excellently to this challenge by switching to virtual learning and by improving their virtual learning environments (VLEs). Hence, the VLEs have particular characteristics that should be met to accommodate the students’ learning in a trustworthy and successful way. This study aimed to critically review the influential factors of learning in VLEs via a descriptive study. Findings revealed that teacher personality, student autonomy, ICT, and course design are factors related to motivation for learning in a VLE. These findings are considered valuable contributions for educational stakeholders to meet the students’ educational, psychological, social, and technological needs in VLEs which have replaced, in part or whole, the traditional educational systems in most of the educational institutions around the world.

In this paper, author analyses the role of cryptocurrencies in the economy and showed the trends of prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of US$ during 2017m1-2021m12 and also showed the trends of the market capitalization of Bitcoin during 2017m1-2021m12. All the trendlines are non-linear with cyclical behavior. Traditional regression model revealed that the market capitalization of Bitcoin is positively related with prices of Bitcoin and inflation rate and negatively related with price of Ethereum significantly from 2019m1 to 2021m12. Cointegration and VEC model suggested that the market capitalization of Bitcoin has long run causality with the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum and inflation rate but the cointegrating equation has been proved diverging away from equilibrium. Bitcoin price and market capitalization have bi-directional short run causality and the price of Ethereum has short run causality to market capitalization of Bitcoin during the specified period. The volatility of market capitalization of Bitcoin showed a non-stationary process.

Copper nanoparticles are typically in black or brown powder form. Copper nanoparticles uses in heat exchange systems, bioscience, anti-microbial materials, Aluminum is extremely harmful to fish in the acid conditions. The primary targeted organ of fish is gill, and death is influenced by a variety of respiratory, osmo-regulatory, and ion regulatory dysfunction. To understand the effect of heavy metals on the aquatic biota, it is necessary to characterize the methods readily accessible to aquatic species for heavy metal mobility, immobilization, and excretion. The severe Ag toxicity to fish is very lower in the sea-water than in the freshwater. Tetrodotoxin is a highly poisonous toxin located primarily in gonads and liver of some fishes, including pufferfishes, toadfish and globefish as well as some shellfish, octopus, and amphibian species. Fish exposed to Cr for the first time displayed a variety of behavioural alterations, including loss of appetite, irregular swimming, changing in colour and mucous discharge. It is much more complicated than genome of humans because zebrafish possess two more sets of chromosomes than humans. Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase are anti - oxidant enzymes that have long been used to assess anti-oxidant injury and stress reaction.

Background: Improve insulin secretion and cellular availability to reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic subjects by bioactive compound especially antioxidants are the new focus to ameliorate the complication with diabetes mellitus. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of melatonin and magnesium on the cytoarchitecture of the pancreatic tissue and to access immunohistochemically insulin release in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino rats. Materials and methods: To achieve this aim six normoglycaemic rats and fourty eight Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats was used in the study after two weeks acclimatization period. The animals were assigned into nine groups as follows, Normal control group (NC), Diabetic control (DC) group, Melatonin at 10 mg/kgb (MLD), magnesium dose group of 240 mg/kgbw (MgLD), melatonin and magnesium combined group of 10mg/kgbw+240mg/kgbw (MMgLD), melatonin group of 20mg/kgbw (MHD), melatonin and magnesium high dose combined group of 20mg/kgbw+480mg/kgbw (MMgHD) and insulin at 500mg/kgbw group (IN). Melatonin and insulin were administered through intraperitoneal injections (IP) while magnesium was by oral administration. The control groups were given placebo and all groups’ treatment was for twenty-one days. At the end of the study, the animals were aestheticized and euthanized to harvest pancreatic organ. The organs were fixed in neutral buffered formaldehyde (NBF). They were histologically prepared and stained using haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically stained using insulin antibody to access insulin release. Results: Melatonin treatment at 10mg/kgbw and at 20 mg/kgbw showed histological improvement in histological tissues and insulin release while when combined with magnesium at dose of 10mg/kgbw and at 240 mg/kgbw showed better results. The administration of magnesium at 240 mg/kgbw, 480 mg/kgbw and when combined with melatonin at high doses does not show significant improvement in islet β-cell proliferation and insulin release. Conclusion: The administration of melatonin and magnesium at low doses regenerates pancreatic islet histoarchitecture and augments insulin release from treated diabetic albino rats.

Background: Physical activity and lifestyle are influenced by a number of things. The lockdown imposed by the coronavirus disease (COVID19) has limited student activity and altered their daily routine. Accordingly, obesity is a huge public health issue that has negative consequences for both physical and mental health. Aim: to find out association between stress and obesity among female student during COVID 19 pandemic at health colleges in Qassim university, kingdom Saudi Arabia. Subject and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 15 October to December 2020. A total of 425 female students at health colleges (Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Medical laboratory) at Qassim university, KSA responded to the self-administered online survey. Two instruments, namely factors upshifting body weight and stress and the anthropometric, measurements, were used. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, were used for the descriptive analysis. Results: Most of student's suffered stresses with the major sources are academic, financial or economic, relationship, and future /career growth source. Also, there are a statistically significant relation was found student's sociodemographic data and their body mass index mainly in items related to age and marital status . Furthermore, there are statistically significant relations were found student's body mass index and all items related to their dietary habits during stress (p <0.000). Conclusion & recommendations: Students need for receive regular; periodic in-service dietary program contains methods of coping with stresses which indirectly added stressor on student's psychological status and indirectly affect their dietary habits and behavior. There is an evident necessitate for designed curriculum in the colleges regarding benefits of physical activity and eating patterns in health colleges. Further studies are needed to study the coping strategies that influence university students' eating behavior with the study stressors.

Heavy metal ions present in the groundwater are toxic pollutants which contaminated of water is a world-wide environmental problem. This paper studies that an attempt made to adsorption kinetics of Indigo carmine dye from dye effluents onto activated carbon modified with metal chlorides is keen interest. The results show that activated carbon modified with metal chlorides such as FeCl2, SrCl2, and BaCl2 can be used as effective adsorbents for the removal Indigo carmine dye from dye effluents was observed. The kinetics of indigo carmine dye was adsorbed onto activated carbon modified metal chlorides were analyzed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Results were found to follow pseudo-second order equation.

Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-I/II) is an oncogenic retrovirus known to cause adult T cell leukemia which is transmitted vertically from mother to child and sexually by infected lymphocytes. Studies suggest that the onset of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in patients infected with HTLV-I/II occurs significantly earlier when the subjects are coinfected with S. stercoralis. This study was aimed at detecting antibodies to HTLV-I/II and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae among pregnant women on antenatal visits to selected hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 188 blood samples and 136 stool samples were collected for study. Five milliliters (5ml) of venous blood was collected and transferred into a screw capped plastic tube without anticoagulant and sera extracted from each participant’s sample and later analyzed for antibodies to HTLV-I/II using double-antigen sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Stool samples were also analyzed using direct stool microscopy and Baemanns technique. Questionnaires were administered for participants’ demographics and assessment of risk factors. Data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS version 17. Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus –I/II prevalence of 2.13% (4/188) was detected following the ELISA procedures with 1.06% (2/188) indeterminate results. Risk factors assessed had no statistical association with HTLV-I/II infection except for history of cancer in a family. Five parasite species were detected on stool examination with 2.2% prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis. Keeping of pet dogs and having itching around legs were statistically associated with Strongyloidiasis (P< 0.05). Routine monitoring of HTLV-I/II and dewormming of pregnant women on antenatal should be a matter of priority.

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplasic syndrome associated to a plasma cell proliferative disorder, which is characterized by the presence of peripheral neuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), monoclonal gammopathy (M) and skin change (S). Because of the rarity of this disease, the small number of cases described in the literature and the polymorphism of the clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome remains difficult. The prognosis of the disease is related to the early onset of specific treatment. We hereby present a clinical case of POEMS syndrome in a 41-year-old woman revealed by a polyneuropathy, in order to highlight the diagnostic problems and to raise awareness of this syndrome.

The middle income trap is a spectre looming up in front of countries who have performed well to rise up to middle income level from the lower income level, and are hoping for a quick admission to upper income echelons. Unfortunately, the trap seems unavoidable for many middle income nations, as seen poignantly in the case of Argentina and even Brazil. This paper tries to pinpoint the performance parameters that distinguish countries such as Malaysia and Chile who have been successful in avoiding getting mired in the trap – and may be now even viewing it nonchalantly as just a mirage appearing during the development process. The parameters identified as probable positive forces include the pillars of the Global Competitive Index, in addition to the usual suspects appearing in economic growth theory and estimations. Estimation of coefficients was carried by cross-country regressions using a sample of seventy upper and lower income nations. ICT adaptation, innovative capabilities, health standards, and openness as represented by FDI and export ratios to GDP were identified as parameters identified as important in closing the per capita income gap towards high income nations.

Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are rising rapidly worldwide. Diabetes has been linked to a shorter life expectancy mainly because of its complications, including heart disease, strokes, retinopathy, and chronic kidney disease and bone disease. Objective: To examine the relationship between high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This study was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at Dept. of Biochemistry, Ashiyan Medical College Hospital from January to June 2020. The study consists of 180 patients out of which 90 were normal healthy controls (Group I) and 90 patients having type 2 DM were included in case (Group II). FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, hsCRP and ALP of all subjects were measured. Results: Mean serum hsCRP and ALP level were statistically significant higher in case group compared to control group. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed between hsCRP and ALP level as well as both with FBS, PPBS and HbA1c. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and inflammation appears to be a key component and also associated with poor glycaemic control and further pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. All our finding suggest a link between oxidative stress, inflammation and glycaemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus.