This study was conducted to evaluate the presence and concentration of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G residues in raw cow and Fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 172 (86 raw and 86 fermented) milk samples were randomly collected from different milk selling points in Maiduguri. A Spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible spectrum machine was used to detect and quantify the oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in the milk samples. All samples (raw and fermented milk) tested positive for oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues with a mean residual concentration of 36 µg/L and 20 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively for oxytetracycline while the mean residue concentration of penicillin G is 649 µg/L and 397 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively. However, the oxytetracycline residues detected were all below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards of 100 µg/L, while the penicillin G residue detected were all above the maximum residue standard of 5 µg/L. The maximum and minimum residue for oxytetracycline detected in raw milk was 79 and 10 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 42 and 9 (µg/L) respectively. The maximum and minimum residue detected for penicillin G residue in raw milk was 1993 and 767 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 288 and 164 (µg/L). This study revealed the presence of both oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in raw and fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri. However, oxytetracycline residues detected in this study were found to be within the acceptable limits, while the penicillin G residues were highly above the MRL standard set by CODEX.

Background: Orthodontic treatment involves the use of appliances such as braces or aligners to straighten teeth and improve bite. Maintaining good oral hygiene during treatment is crucial to prevent the development of dental caries and periodontal disease. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2018 and 2022. The search terms used included "orthodontic treatment," "oral hygiene," "dental caries," and "periodontal disease." Inclusion criteria for studies were: (1) written in English, (2) published in peer-reviewed journals, (3) focused on orthodontic treatment and oral hygiene, and (4) included original research. Exclusion criteria were: (1) case reports, (2) reviews or meta-analyses, (3) not focused on orthodontic treatment or oral hygiene. Results: A total of 28 studies were included in the systematic review. The majority of the studies were observational in nature and conducted on adolescent patients. The studies consistently demonstrated that poor oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment is associated with an increased risk of dental caries and periodontal disease. Specifically, a poor oral hygiene status was found to be associated with a higher incidence of white spot lesions, gingivitis, and periodontitis during treatment with fixed appliances. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review demonstrate the importance of oral hygiene in orthodontic treatment. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should be educated about the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene to prevent the development of dental caries and periodontal disease. Dentists and orthodontists should closely monitor the oral hygiene status of their patients during treatment and provide appropriate interventions to improve oral hygiene and prevent the development of oral health complications.

Background: The liver has a vital role in the hemostatic system. It is the site of synthesis of proteins responsible for clotting factors and their inhibitors. Liver infections/ diseases pose the effective functioning of the liver enzymes and clotting profiles. Objective of Study: This retrospective study aims to determine the plasma level of APTT, PT, in patients with chronic disease state in the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 participants were enrolled for this study; both PT and APTT were analyzed using Quick and kaolin methods, respectively. Results: 144 candidates who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study. table 1.0 and 2.0 showed relationship between PT and APTT in liver infections/ diseases respectively, among the subjects, 81 subjects had Asymptomatic HBV Infection with mean ± SD of 15.3704± 3.0391, 18 Asymptomatic HCV infection, 2 HBV and HCV coinfection, 34 Chronic HBV, 6 Chronic HCV, 1 HCV/HIV coinfection, 1 Chronic HCV /HIV coinfection, 1 HBV/HIV coinfection, and Liver cirrhosis. They was non-statistically significant decrease in the level of PT among patients with both asymptomatic and chronic HBV, HCV, HBV and HCV co-infection, HBV co-infection with HIV, HCV co-infection with HIV and patients with liver cirrhosis with P-value of 0.229. Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrated that coagulation profile has an association with liver disease.

This study looked into pension assets investments and its impact in the Nigerian economy. The investments includes quarterly reports of corporate debt securities, government bond securities, mutual funds’ investments, money market instruments, private equity funds and real estate securities from 2004 – 2020, and was sourced from the statistics database of the National Pension Commission, the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World data bank. The statistical measures used to analyze the data are the descriptive test, Unit root test, Co-integration test, Vector error correction, Causality and Impulse response function. The outcome of the analysis show that the variables were stationary after first differences were taken; and were also co-integrated at 2 lags indicating that both short and long run equilibrium relationship exist among the variables. From the vector error correction model, previous years’ deviations from long run equilibrium had a 0.09% speed of adjustment; leading to a short run equilibrium. The Causality test reveal that changes in government bond securities lead to changes in real estate securities and changes in money market investments leads to changes in government bond securities. In addition, the impulse response demonstrates that a shock to the system produces more negative responses than positive ones. The study thus recommends that the pension industry should vigorously create more awareness on the importance of employee pension plan; develop more e-channels to help rake in investible funds as well as develop more innovative products to support diversification of pension fund in different assets classes among others.

Background: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by limitations in the intellectual functioning and resulting in the need for extraordinary supports for the person to participate in activities involved with typical human functioning (Wehmeyer, Schalock, Verdugo et al., 2008). Rehabilitation is therefore an essential aspect in the life of the person with a disability. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), rehabilitation is a process that is aimed at enabling disabled persons reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological and social functional levels. Special schools provide the rehabilitation needs by encompassing educational needs, rehabilitation services and integrated education (Kuyini 2014). Special education has proven to be instrumental in the provision of activities that will foster social development and to the maximum extent possible assimilation into regular schools and community activities (Smith 2007). Aim: To investigate the activities undertaken to rehabilitate children with intellectual disabilities in selected schools in the Kumasi metropolis. Methods: The study was undertaken at the Garden City Special School and Community Special Vocational School and employed the use of the descriptive design with a qualitative approach. A sample size of fifteen respondents were used, out of which nine (9) were teachers and six (6) were parents. The study made use of two sampling techniques to select the respondents. The sampling technique employed in the selection of teachers was the non-probable purposive sampling whereas the technique for selecting parents was the convenience sampling. Research data was collected by the use of an interview guide and the data collected was analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings: The study found out that the activities undertaken to rehabilitate the students with intellectual disabilities in the selected schools, had the underlying basis of promoting independent living and improving the social skills of children with intellectual disabilities relationships with people. Teachers therefore ensured that students were trained in the activities of daily living, communication skills, social skills, fine and gross motor skills, functional arithmetic, vocational skills and the concept of money. The study revealed that children with intellectual disabilities gained a substantial increase in their social interactions and their health. However, it was noted that the special schools faced some challenges that hindered their rehabilitation efforts and these included inadequate teaching and learning materials, lack of new facilities and inadequate and unskilled teachers. Conclusion: The special schools are very instrumental in improving the quality of life of persons with intellectual disabilities.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi and are capable of causing various diseases in humans and animals. They are naturally occurring chemical substances and are chemically stable which is why they pose a great threat to public health. Accumulation of mycotoxins in the food chain can cause hazardous effects in human. The gut microbiota has a bidirectional relationship with mycotoxin, being the leading cause of the development of mycotoxicosis. These fungal toxins exhibit a number of adverse health effects in animals, even at very low concentrations, and have been associated to cases of acute and chronic poisoning of humans and farm animals since historical times. Preventive measure for controlling contamination should be adopted both before and after harvest. Mycotoxin occurrence cannot be completely avoided, but a number of measures aiming at minimizing mycotoxin levels and mycotoxin exposure can be implemented at multiple points in the food and feed chains.

The objectives of this study are to analyze the weaknesses in the regulation of False Statements In Corruption Cases Pretrial Currently and how to reconstruct the regulation of False Statements In Corruption Case Pretrial As Quasi-Delict based on the value of justice, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used in this research is social legal research, concept approach, and comparative approach. The results of the study found that the Weaknesses is regarding the fact that whistleblowers (reporters) and justice collaborators (who participate in providing the information) have actually been included in the scope of parties that need to be protected in Law no. 13 of 2006, however, due to the lack of strict provisions, problems arose in its implementation, not to mention the long process of making the minutes of examination, the low understanding of law enforcement officials in the pretrial mechanism, and the low public awareness in giving correct witness testimony. Therefore, The Reconstruction proposed by the author is in the form of harmonization of the article, Article 174 Paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code by highlighting the punishment in the form of a minimum sentence of 3 (three) years and maximum 12 (twelve) years and/or a fine of at least Rp. 150,000,000.00 (one hundred fifty million rupiahs) and a maximum of Rp. 600,000,000.00 (six hundred million rupiahs) for false statement.

Background: The E-test involves using a predefined antibiotic gradient on a strip, which is then placed on an agar plate containing the bacterial culture. The point at which the antibiotic concentration on the strip causes inhibition of bacterial growth is taken as the MIC. This method allows for the rapid and accurate determination of the MIC of antibiotics against specific bacterial strains and can aid in selecting appropriate antibiotics for treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was also to include a comparison of the results with those of previous studies and an evaluation of the study's limitations. Method: A cross-sectional microbiological study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, and the Department of ENT Rajshahi Medical College, Bangladesh, from January to December 2019. This section will provide a detailed description of the methods used in the study, including the study design, sampling methods, and procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. The methods section will also explain the E-test method used to determine MIC, including the procedure for performing the test and the criteria for interpreting the results. Results: A total of 96 samples, among 73 isolates from 68 culture-positive cases, 37 isolates showed intermediate susceptibility towards selected antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and quinolones by disc diffusion method. Regarding MIC breakpoint in terms of susceptibility, out of 21 intermediate isolates of S. aureus, 16(76.2%) were susceptible, 01(4.8%) was intermediate, and 04(19%) were resistant to different antibiotics by E-test. Conclusion: In general, the conclusion of such an article would likely summarize the study's findings, such as the MIC values for the different antibiotics tested and how they compare to established MIC breakpoints, and any significant observations or trends noted. It may also discuss the clinical relevance of the results and provide recommendations for future research.

Several factors contributed to the elevated levels of water pollution in the earth surface increasing the risk of wastewater pollution. Inorganic metal irons and suspended liquid metals are also leads cause of water pollution. Physical treatments for water treatment include the use of effective membrane filters in two ways. Small membrane filter and large membrane filters also used for commercial applications. Different types of nanoparticles are used for the treatment of organic contaminants suspended in the wastewater. The adsorption of a reactive dye through the hydroxyapatite (HAP) leads the excellent filtration of ions in the wastewater. Different types of photocatalytic reactors are used for the treating the large amount of wastewater in effective ways. These included the titanium based photocatalytic reactors that employed the sub-micron TiO2 particles from the treated water which accompany the treatment process. Polymer composites are used for removal of wastewater due to their low operating temperat Nanofiltration also used for removal of wastewater due to the formation of utilizing of the semipermeable membrane allows the fine removal of the different ions and different types of pollutants ure and susceptibility to environmental degradation as compared to other operations.

Aim: Hypoglycemia is a major barrier to achieving proper glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study aims to document the incidence of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and assess its association with potential risk factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Medicine outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. A total of 174 patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire- Stanford Hypoglycemia Questionnaire. Patients with hormone-secreting disorders or pregnant women were excluded. Another questionnaire recorded various potential risk factors. Statistical test for proportions was used to assess the association between incidence of hypoglycemia and the risk factors. Results: Majority (92.5%) had a positive history of hypoglycemic events. A significant association was established between frequency of hypoglycemia, and duration of disease, BMI, sedentary lifestyle and insulin usage. Regularity of food intake, drug compliance and alcohol consumption were not significant factors. Conclusion: Increased incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly associated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors including insulin therapy, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and chronicity of the disease. This knowledge shall help medical practitioners to strategize individualized care and maintain glycemic control in diabetic patients.

The purpose of this research is to find the weakness of the Juvenile Crime System and how to reconstruct the law based on dignified justice in socio-legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used in this research is social legal research, concept approach, and comparative approach. Research result shows the Weaknesses that causes the law cannot be implemented properly because the provisions on the terms of Diversion regarding the limitation of criminal penalties under 7 years in Article 7 of the Juvenile Crime System (SPPA) Law which are based on the application of the article during investigations and prosecutions allow for subjective views in addition to the fact that there are several law enforcers who do not implement a legal provision as they should. Therefore, the legal reconstruction is in the form of the Elimination of the conditions for imprisonment under 7 (seven) years in Article 7 paragraph (2) letter (a) of the SPPA Law. The general principles contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be taken into consideration to amend or remove conditional restrictions on diversion for imprisonment under 7 years because they have deviated from the essence of children's rights and the general principles contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

This paper is about contrastively analyzing the on, at, in and káŋ, to, kóno adpositional phrases between English and Mandinka using the RRG theory. By using English secondary data, Mandinka primary data derived from interviews and some elicitation techniques that were carried out among native speakers, this article focuses its analysis on how the aforementioned adpositions are used in discourse to help locate referents in relation to reference points that either refer to space or time. In doing so, it has found some similarities and differences between the two languages as far as the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic interpretations are concerned. Two types of adpositions are distinguished in the two languages: predicative and nonpredicative adpositions. The adpositional phrases are then interpreted according to whether they are predicative or nonpredicative.

This study aims to study the role of balanced scorecard dimensions (financial perspective, student perspective, internal operations perspective, learning and growth perspective, community partnership perspective) in evaluating spending efficiency in public universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: an applied study on the colleges of Qassim University, which is Raising the efficiency of government spending issued by the Authority for the Efficiency of Spending and Government Projects is one of the goals of the Kingdom's Vision 2030. The study will answer the following question: Does the balanced scorecard apply with its following dimensions (financial perspective, student perspective, internal operations perspective, learning and growth perspective, community partnership perspective) A role in evaluating spending efficiency in Saudi public universities? The study population consists of the colleges of Qassim University, and a sample will be taken from the administrative leaders in the colleges of Qassim University. The data of the current study was collected using the survey method for the study sample by means of a questionnaire, and data analysis using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The current study found that there is a statistically significant relationship (α ≤ 0.05) between (financial perspective, student perspective, internal operations perspective, learning and growth perspective, community partnership perspective) and evaluating spending efficiency in Saudi public universities. The study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: the use of the balanced scorecard in public universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - as a new method for measuring performance evaluation based on its four axes in an integrated manner in addition to the community partnership dimension - that will achieve its strategic objectives in order to enhance its competitive position, work to attract qualified cadres And the ability to design a balanced scorecard and apply it efficiently and effectively in all colleges, which helps it in monitoring and evaluating the financial and operational performance, and Each college should seeks to identify opportunities to raise the spending efficiency , and to establish an independent unit "Spending Efficiency Unit", to adopt best practices and methods, and to prepare reports and measure the efficiency of spending in the colleges.

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the Weaknesses of Indonesia's Current Land Dispute Regulations and how to Reconstruct Indonesian Land Dispute Regulations Based on Pancasila Justice. This study uses a constructivist paradigm with a sociological juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data and primary data by finding legal realities experienced in the field as well as qualitative descriptive methods. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the Weaknesses of Indonesia's Current Land Dispute Regulations Fundamentally, the land is an asset with high economic value and is very vital for human life, so in this case many parties seek to profit from various transactions related to land. Despite the fact that landowners are legally required to register their rights to their property, it is not uncommon to find a phenomenon nowadays of landowners who do not want to properly register their ownership rights to land. This usually happens due to various factors such as the process which is considered too long and will take up a lot of time and money they have. Reconstruction of Indonesian Land Dispute Regulations Based on Pancasila Justice because in general, justice is a universal value that includes recognition and respect for everyone's legal rights and safeguarding freedom, honor, and property through upholding truth and justice. Then, the balance of rights and obligations is one of the most important characteristics of justice. Furthermore, Justice is also seen as the ability to stand in the middle of two things and give everyone what he deserves. In this case, every living thing in the process is very closely related to the concept of justice in the use and use of land.

Introduction: Cataract is the leading cause of curable blindness in the world. Its treatment is surgical. The aim was to evaluate the functional results of cataract surgery in a second referral centre in Mali (Nianankoro FOMBA Hospital in Ségou) with reference to the quality standards of the World Health Organisation. Patients and methods: Prospective descriptive study conducted between October 2018 and September 2019 in the ophthalmology department of the Nianankoro FOMBA hospital in Ségou, in patients aged 40 years and over with cataract. Results: During the study, 954 eyes were operated on, of which 522 (54.7%) were female. The average age was 64.28 years. The occupation of housewife was 52.7%. The main reason for consultation was the decrease in visual acuity with 96.1%. Hypertension and diabetes were 20.1% and 5.7% respectively. The initial uncorrected distance visual acuity was less than 1/10 in 94.2% of cases. At 30 days postoperatively, the good, average and poor results were respectively 82.92%, 12.01% and 5.06% without optical correction, decreasing to 92.56%, 4.51% and 2.93% respectively after optical correction. Discussion: These results met the World Health Organization standards which recommend a value greater than or equal to 80% without correction and greater than 90% with correction for good results and a value of less than 5% for poor results with correction. Conclusion: Cataract surgery with Phaco A is a simple solution that gives good results and is well adapted to our socio-economic context.