The aim of this study is to revisit the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. The motivation behind this study is that there is ambiguous evidence across countries on FDI and economic growth. However, there have been many studies conducted across countries but there is a scanty literature available on FDI and economic growth in India. The relation between FDI and economic growth is vague. Therefore, this study is an addition to all previous studies, try to posit the relationship between economic growth and FDI. Energy consumption has been taken as a control variable into consideration. The study has covered time-series data from 1990 to 2019. The ARDL bound test approach has been employed to confirm the cointegration among the variables. The bound test confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between FDI and economic growth. The error-correction term negative sign indicates that there is a divergence between dependant and independent variables in the short-run. The empirical results state that FDI has a significant impact on economic growth

Introduction: The garment industry is a crucial contributor to the economy of Bangladesh and employs a large number of women of reproductive age. However, contraceptive use among these women is low, which can lead to unintended pregnancies and adverse health outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the contraceptive practices and associated factors among female garment workers in Bangladesh. Methods: This prospective observational cross- sectional study was conducted at Islami Bank Hospital, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year, from November 2021 to October 2022. During this period, a total of 300 garment workers were enrolled in the study following the inclusion and exclusion criteria from those employed at any of the various garments of Mirpur region, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Result: The study found that a majority of participants were aged 21-25 years (44.33%), Muslim (77.67%), had a primary level of education (44.33%), and had 1-2 children (69.33%). Almost half of the participants had good knowledge of contraception (48.33%), 66.67% had a positive attitude and 66.00% reported using contraception regularly. The most commonly used method of contraception was oral contraceptive pills (43.04%), followed by condoms (29.13%), and injections (22.17%). A considerable number of participants (14.35%) reported an unknown source of contraception. Among the 70 participants who did not use contraceptives, the most commonly reported reasons were an expectation that the patient will not get pregnant (45.71%) and partner refusal (41.43%). Only 25.33% of participants had access to family planning services. The accessibility of family planning services was significantly associated with the knowledge of contraception, the attitude toward contraception, and the use of contraception. The use of contraception was higher among participants who reported access to family planning services (84.93%) compared to those who did not have access (59.91%). Conclusion: The study highlights the low prevalence of contraceptive use among female garment workers in Bangladesh and the need for increased access to family planning services. Partner involvement and education on contraceptive methods and their side effects may also contribute to increased contraceptive use.

Based on the interpersonal function of Systemic-functional Grammar, this paper analyzes the construction of interpersonal functions in the political discourse of the year 2022 New Year Address in China from the perspectives of personal pronoun, mood and modality. The main objective of this study is to investigate the language features and conventions of the political speech. Therefore, a study of it in the light of Systemic-functional Grammar will help to gain an in-depth understanding of the interpersonal meaning and the thoughts of national leaders in political speeches.

Introduction: Spontaneous onsets of labour within expected date of delivery not always occur. Some pregnancies cross the expected date of delivery, and need induction of labour. Induction of Labor means initiation of uterine contraction that can be done by pharmacological or non-pharmacological method. Induction of labor is not risk- free. The present study aimed to investigate initiation of uterine contractions beyond the expected date of delivery. Methods: This Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Hospital, from January 2008 to June 2008. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among the study population (N=50), one-fifth of the mothers’ (10,20.0%) age was under twenty. The majority of mothers were (34,68.0%) between 20-30 years old with a mean age of 25.4 ± 4.32 years. In seventeen patients (17,34.0%) labour induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, in ten patients labour induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip & in twenty-three patients (23,46.0%) with unfavorable cervix prostaglandin was used and then followed by oxytocin drip and ARM. The total number of induction failures (who needed a caesarian section) was twenty (20,40.0%). Among the total number of caesarian sections, eleven (11,55.0%) were done due to fetal distress, nine (9,45.0%) were done due to abnormal uterine action, one (1,5.0%) was done due to cervical dystocia. Conclusion: Labor induction should be applied to improve birth consequences and when the potential aids outweigh the potential dangers. Researches point out that inducing labour lessens the risk of having a stillbirth, macrosomia and developing high blood pressure as the pregnancy advances.

Medicinal plants are considered more accessible, affordable and also associated with minimal side effects compared to orthodox medicines in most developing countries. These factors in addition to multiple cultural and long term historical relevance have contributed to its increasing popularity around the world. This study was carried out to assess the antioxidative and serum lipid effects of leaf extract of Rhizophora mangle on male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. Group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Group two (2) and group three (3) were treated with 200mg/kg bw and 400mg/kg bw of the ethanolic extract of Rhizophora mangle respectively. Group four (4) was treated with 600mg/kg of the extract. Extract administration lasted for 30 days. The results obtained showed that the extract did not cause significant changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthathione reductase enzyme activities but decreased gluthathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The level of malondialdehyde was not altered. The lipid parameters including low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were not significantly affected. This study showed that, extracts of Rhizophora mangle did not alter the level of lipid peroxidation and may not confer any benefits against development of lipid induced-cardiovascular disorders.

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872) was an outstanding delegate, following the tradition of Renaissance philosophers, the French Enlightenment of movement and the eighteenth – century French materialism with humane pages about people. In the process of the exploring new experience, along with the impact of contemporary German society. Ludwig Feuerbach has made significant “ahead” contributions to the history of philosophy in general and the history of classical German philosophy in particularly. In his studies, Ludwig Feuerbach has left a great legacy to be a meaningful end to researcher not only of German classical philosophy. Accordingly, the works of Thoughs on death and immortality (German: Gedanken zu Tod und Unsterblichkeit) he emphasized that it is necessary to reform philosophy in the relationship between matter and consciousness, thinking and being, spirit and nature.

The purpose of this research is to find out whether the pretrial institution has realized the due process of law as aspired by the criminal procedural law and what about the pretrial reform institution in the RKUHAP, namely the Preliminary Examination Judge, whether it has been able to reflect the due process of law. The type of research in this study is normative. The data source used is secondary data which contains primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The data was collected by using library techniques and analyzed by qualitative methods and will be described systematically or prescriptively. From the Research It was found that the current pretrial does not reflect the due process of law, so it is necessary to immediately approve the reform of the pre-trial institution. Then the pretrial substitute institution, namely the Preliminary Examination Judge has greater authority than pretrial regarding the rights of the suspect, so that the establishment of this pretrial substitute institution is expected to have the purpose of criminal procedural law: due process of law or behoorlijk procesrecht in order to seek material truth or objective truth and the purpose to protecting the human rights of suspects and defendants can be achieved.

Background: Background: To evaluate and compare the hardness and tensile bond strength of a silicone soft lining material, after short term immersion in two different denture cleansing solutions and water over varying time periods. Materials & Methods: The study comprised of 3 groups followed by 3 subgroups under each groups of 10 specimens for evaluation of tensile bond strength with heat cure denture base acrylic resin, and 3 groups followed by 3 subgroups under each groups of 10 specimens each for the hardness test of soft liners. Group A: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in denture cleansing solution secure with 700mg of sodium perborate monohydrate, Group B: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in denture cleansing solution clinsodent with 480mg of sodium perborate monohydrate and Group C: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in water. Results: At day 1 and 1 week, Group B showed highest tensile bond strength (1.500.015) and (1.12  0.012) respectively whereas at 1 month, Group C showed highest tensile bond strength (0.96  0.016). Conclusion: A significant difference exists in the tensile bond strength and the hardness values of the soft liner specimen when immersed in water and two different denture cleansing solutions between the periods of immersion.

Background: This review evaluates the possible cardiac side effects of general anesthetic agents upon usage. Cardiac as well as non-cardiac surgery may precipitate adverse events including ischaemia, diverse arrhythmias and reperfusion injury. Volatile and non-volatile anesthetic agents possess cardiovascular effects that can lead to depression of cardiac contractility, arterial pressure, ventricular resistance and reflex tachycardia. However, as not all studies have demonstrated improved outcomes, the risk for undesirable haemodynamic effects must be weighed against the possible benefits of using anaesthetic agents either pre-operatively, intra-operatively or post-operatively during both cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries as well as in patients with coronary artery disease. The halogenated agents all have similar circulatory effects as seen in young, healthy volunteers during maintenance anesthesia (Cahalan MK et al., 1991; Eis S & Kramer J, 2022). The effects of anesthetics on the cardiovascular system have a complicated character, and almost all the anesthetic agents have a dose-related myocardial depression and decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure. During anesthesia, individual responses of patients against procedures such as induction, intubation, and surgical stimulation are influenced by many factors, including preoperatively used drugs, anesthesia type, preferred anesthetic agents, and the autonomic nervous system (Fee JPH et al., 1997, Pagel PS et al., 1991; Smith G et al., 2022).

Introduction: The clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome are not specific. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It is usually a lifelong problem. The diagnosis is retained after elimination of an organic cause at colonoscopy. The main objective of this study is to determine the frequency of these disorders and to study the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. Patients and Methods: From January 2016 to January 2022, were included all patients with symptoms of IBS (abdominal pain, transit disorder, abdominal bloating) referred to our department for ileocolonoscopy. Patients with warning signs (rectal bleeding, melena, anemia, altered deteroriation of the general condition) or with incomplete colonoscopy were excluded. The diagnosis of IBS was retained in patients with a normal total ileo-colonoscopy All colonoscopies were done under propofol sedation and all patients were prepared with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Results: Of 4530 ileo-colonoscopies performed, 1132 (25%) were indicated for symptoms of IBS without warning signs. The average age of the patients was 47 years (16-89 years), the age group of 40-65 years predominated in 41%. 66.7% were female. The frequency of symptoms was as follows: abdominal pain in 64.3% of cases, chronic diarrhea: 33%, and constipation: 30.7%, alternating diarrhea-constipation: 18.1% and abdominal bloating in 10.75%. 569 patients (50.2%) had a normal ileo-colonoscopy. Ileo-colonoscopy was abnormal in 49.8% of cases: polyps: 47%, diverticula: 19%, congestive or ulcerative colonic and/or ileal mucosa: 18.8%, tumour: 7%, lipoma: 4.7% and colonic melanosis: 3.5%. Tumors were primarily in patients > 40 years old (9%), and IBD lesions in patients < 40 years old (11%). Conclusion: Ileo-colonoscopy remains essential to eliminate an organic cause even in the presence of typical symptoms of IBS. Indeed, half of our patients with symptoms of IBS without warning signs have an organic lesion dominated by tumors primarily in those > 40 years old and IBD lesions in those < 40 years old.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the weaknesses in land dispute resolution regulations, as well as to reconstruct land dispute settlement regulations based on the value of justice. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical method with data analysis based on a qualitative approach. The results of the research show that the settlement of cases through courts in Indonesia costs high, not to mention the long completion times and complicated court bureaucracy. Through the reconstruction of land settlement regulations based on the value of justice, the author offers a solution in the settlement of land disputes, namely being required to mediate before land disputes are brought to court. 21 of 2020 article 2 point e. In addition, a National Land Commission (KPN) must be formed in accordance with the Agrarian Government Regulation/Head of the Republic of Indonesia's National Land Agency No. 21 of 2020 article 3, this can facilitate the process of regulation of land dispute resolution based on the value of justice that benefits various parties in the field of financing, time and accelerates the resolution of cases of land dispute settlement which has long since piling up in court.

Introduction: One of the most common causes of hospitalisation during pregnancy is preterm labour. Nearly one-fifth of women hospitalised for preterm labour. The frequency of preterm births is about 12%–13% in the USA and 5%–9% in many other developed countries. One of the main causes of preterm delivery is preterm premature rupture of membranes, while pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction (FGR) can be identified as other common causes that could lead to such complications. Objective: to assess the value of uterine artery doppler ultrasound measured of preterm labor in pregnant women with threatened preterm labor. Methods: We performed a single-center cohort study was carried out at Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital & Jalalabad Clinic, Modhushohid, Sylhet, Bangladesh from January to December 2020. Total 141 women were selected for the present study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. All participating women signed informed written consent. The study included singleton pregnant women who present to the casualty at gestations between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation with symptoms and signs of threatened preterm labor (defined as presence of at least one uterine contraction per 10 minutes, lasting at least 30 seconds, with a cervical dilatation ≤ 3 cm, and a cervical effacement < 80%). On admission, during obstetric ultrasound scanning, bilateral uterine artery Doppler ultrasound velocimetry was performed using the transabdominal technique. Uterine artery Doppler scans were both conducted at the peak of uterine contraction and in between contractions when the uterus is fully relaxed. Results: Total 141 women presenting with threatened preterm labor were included in the study. The mean gestational age at presentation was 30.86 ± 1.71 weeks (range: 28 – 33.86 weeks). Among 45 (31.9%) delivered within 7 days, while 96 (68.1%) delivered after 7 days of presentation. The mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UA-PI) measured both basally and at the peak contraction were significantly higher among women who delivered within 7 days. ROC curves showed that both basal and contraction UA-PI were significant predictors of delivery within 7 days. There was a significant negative correlation between contraction UA-PI and birth weight. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler ultrasound velocimetry measured in women with threatened preterm labor, seems to be a significant predictor of actual preterm labor within 7 days of admission.

Introduction: Exercise induced Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterised by disintegration of the skeletal muscles and release of toxic intracellular contents into the plasma. It can be precipitated by strenuous exercise and its diagnosis can easily be missed by physicians. Soft tissue ultrasonography is an invaluable tool for evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis especially in sub Saharan Africa where sophisticated imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic scanners are not readily available. Ultrasonography in this case is the commonly available modality. It is cheap and easier to use. It can aid in the diagnosis of suspected cases, help to determine extent of the disease, identify associated complications and also for monitoring disease progression. Spontaneous rhabdomyolysis following exercise has not been previously reported in our environment. Objectives: To report a case of exercise induced rhabdomyolysis in a 24 year old male patient. To highlight the importance of ultrasound in evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis, describe the notable ultrasound findings and review relevant existing literature on this condition. Case Report: A 24 year old male with spontaneous rhabdomyolysis of the infra-umbilical segment of both recti abdominis muscles, who presented to a private ultrasound facility in Agbor, Delta state, Nigeria. His symptoms were; lower abdominal pain made worse with movements, and passage of dark red urine which developed spontaneously following a week history of intense physical exercise at a gymnasium. An ultrasound scanner of the Toshiba Medical systems Corp Model 2016 (Xario 100) with a 7 to 12 MHz linear array transducer was used to scan both recti abdominis muscles in different planes. Abnormal findings were noted involving the infra umbilical segment of both abdominal recti muscle belly. Notable findings were thickening of the muscle fascia, blurring of the fat planes, fat stranding, disorganization of the normal architectural pattern of the fibres as well as presence of hypoechoic lesions within the affected muscle segment. The images were frozen and the sonograms were acquired and saved. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an indispensable tool for evaluating patients with exercise induced spontaneous rhabdomyolysis. This case study is of immense significance in developing affordable methods of image based diagnosis and investigation of rhabdomyolysis that also aids in standard clinical, laboratory and histopathological studies of the condition.

Health never goes out of trend. There is increased interest in alternative medicines particularly those obtained from plants. Functional foods have the ability to prevent or lessen the severity of symptoms of disease. The world is gaining its interest in treatment through natural sources like foods and medicinal plants. Herbal medicines have already been utilized by various cultures around the world for several therapies including chronic pain, malaria, heart conditions, warts, skin diseases and bowel disorders. The need for functional foods is anticipated to increase as a result of three factors: changing laws, increased health care expenses, and scientific discoveries. Mint is a member of the Lamiaceae family. Mint is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, dietary fiber and antioxidants. Mint is a mysterious herb because of its many unknown aspects through which it promotes good health that should be revealed. Mint is a rich source of Iron. Alkaloids, steroids, and tannins are among phytoconstituents found in mint essential oils that prevent the absorption of sugars and flavonoids.

Infertility affects approximately 10% of the world’s population and has been termed the 5th highest serious global disability by the World Health Organization WHO, (2018). It is defined as the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse of at least thrice a week or after an achieved pregnancy. Fertility declines with age in both men and women, but the effects of age are greatly pronounced in women due to multifactorial causes in women. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is the radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes and is regarded as the gold standard for assessing the fallopian tubes, providing accurate information on their patency and shape. Limitations to hysterosalpingography are seen in identifying uterine factors affecting fertility in most findings. Other radiographic examinations such as the ultrasound scans should be used alongside in evaluating findings of infertility as it gives precise description of the outline of the uterus and can capture intramural myoma which isn't easily seen on hysterosalpingogram scans hence the importance of combining these radiographic evaluations. The result showed that the commonest pathological tubal finding on infertility using Hysterosalpingography evaluations is Bilateral Tubal Occlusion (27.8%) while the commonest pathological uterine findings seen using ultrasound evaluation is Uterine Myoma (24.1%). Predominant age group was 32-37 years. This also showed that there is positive correlation between Age and Infertility type.