Background: The prevalence and impact of nosocomial infections, the importance of infection control measures, and the role of nurses in preventing and managing these infections. It could also discuss previous research on the topic and identify gaps in knowledge or areas for further investigation. Nosocomial infections challenge healthcare and cause prolonged recovery and death if untreated. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause these infections. Objective: The study also aimed to highlight the importance of continuous education for registered nurses to improve their efficiency in preventing nosocomial infections. Material and Method: This descriptive observational study was conducted at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, in Bangladesh, from July to November 2019. The relationships between nurse’s knowledge and practice, with a sample size of 200 nurse’s. The age range of the participants was 30-35 years (40%), 36-40 years (20%), 41-45 years (16%), 46-50 years (16%), and 50+ years (8%). Females constituted 89% of the sample, with 76% having a diploma in nursing and midwifery, 12% having a B.Sc. in nursing, and 12% having an M.Sc./MPH. Result: According to a survey of nurse’s, 86% knew about nosocomial infections, with 74% citing improper sterilization as the main cause and 66% aware of risk factors. Most believed they spread in hospitals (64%), and poor health status was a primary risk factor (64%), with 92% received health education, and 98% received help with investigations. Tuberculosis was the most common organism responsible (60%) followed by Candida albicans (26%). Primary risk factors were poor health status (64%) and surgical drains (10%). Disinfection of patient equipment (72%) was the most effective barrier, and urinary tract infections (66%) were the most common complication. Environmental changes (70%) were considered the best prevention method. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for registered nurses to stay up-to-date with infection control and sterile technique principles to prevent nosocomial infections. To effectively care for both the mother and the newborn, it is necessary to determine the best approach to them both for the entirety of the pregnancy.

This article investigates the theoretical treatment of mixed convection heat enhancement flow for an electrically-conducting and viscous dissipative fluid traveling vertically through a thermodynamic system where the parallel plates are constantly heated in a slit micro-channel due to mixed convection with porous material. One surface had super-hydrophobic slip and a temperature jump, whereas the other did not. The perturbation technique (semi-analytical method) was employed to solve the nonlinear and coupled leading equations. The results were carefully scrutinized, and the effects of the relevant controlling parameters are shown using different plots. It is concluded from this analysis that the fluid temperature and velocity was found to increase as the viscous dissipation term is increased. Similarly, the function of Darcy porous number is to significantly strengthen the fluid velocity, and these effects are stronger at the heated super-hydrophobic surface, whereas mounting level of magnetic field is seen to drastically weaken the fluid motion in the microchannel. Setting Br and A to zero respectively, Gr/Re=1, and Da to 1000, so that the term 1/Da becomes insignificant, Jha and Gwandu (2017)'s work is retrieved, verifying the accuracy of the current analysis. Further, the outcomes of this research can have possible applications in the lubrication industry and biomedical sciences and has proved very useful to designers in increasing the performance of mechanical systems when viscous dissipation is involved, as well as heat transfer in micro-channels, as it is in combustion.

The rising prevalence of obesity is known to be associated with the risks of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst others, but the levels vary across gender and different populations. The present study therefore evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) status on basic renal functions in obese women resident in Rivers State of Nigeria. The least allowed sample size of 272 was determined using the Leslie Fischer's formula; exactly 334 obese and non-obese women within their 18 and 65 years of age with no critical health condition and resident in Upland and Riverine areas of Rivers State were actually surveyed by the present study. A multistage sampling technique was adopted, and subjects were surveyed across the upland and riverine locations of the State. These subjects were evenly drawn from the multi-ethnic residents of the state. Anthropometric (body mass index-BMI) data and blood sample (via antecubital vein following standard procedures) were obtained from the consenting subjects. After laboratory analyses, the numerical data were subjected to statistical analyses using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test with a p< 0.05 considered statistically significant were determined. There were generally significant (p<0.05) increases in the creatinine and marked (p<0.05) reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in the obese subjects compared to the non-obese and also with increasing BMI. The Creatinine and eGFR values were significantly (p<0.0) dyregulated. In conclusion, the above results of the present study are only markers of renal risks, (e.g. chronic kidney disease, etc.) and not necessarily incidences of emergencies. It however suggestive that obese women in Rivers Sate of Nigeria, particularly the riverine residents should take caution as their obesity status could predispose them to significant renal disorders.

Background: Supracondylar fractures are a common type of elbow fracture in children, and Gartland type III fractures are the most severe form of this injury. These fractures may be treated with either closed reduction and percutaneous pinning or open reduction and internal fixation using pins. Objective: To evaluate the outcome of pediatric stiffness in Gartland type III supracondylar fractures using the Flynn's criteria. Materials and Methods: A Multicentered based prospective study was performed in 250 Beded District Hospital, Chapainawabganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2021 to December 2022. A total of 80 patients with displaced type III extension supracondylar fractures were included, all of whom were treated at two separate facilities in a systematic way. Closed reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning were the major components of treatment at (n = 43). ORIF was the treatment plan (n = 37) for patients. Their stiffness was evaluated over a 6-month follow-up period. Result: A total of 80 displaced type III extension supracondylar fractures treated primarily closed reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning (n=43), while the other used primarily open reduction and internal fixation (n=37) with two lateral parallel pins (n=11), cross pins (n=11) and two lateral and one medial pin (n =15), 28 patients (75.6%) had an excellent result, six patients (18.9%) had a good result, two patients (4.6%) had a fair result, and one patient (2.7%) had a poor result in the ORIF group. In the CRPF group, 33 (76.7%) patients had an excellent result, seven (16.2%) patients had a good result, two (4.6%) patients had a fair result, and one (2.4%) patient had a poor result. The stability and configuration of the fracture open and closed reduction groups were not statistically significant according to Flynn's criteria (P>0.05). Concision: This study provides valuable information on the evaluation of pediatric stiffness in Gartland type III supracondylar fractures and highlights the need for careful follow-up to detect and manage any potential stiffness. Although closed reduction did not show any superiority over open reduction, it was suggested as the first treatment choice due to its low morbidity and short hospital stay.

Communication research has established a cause-effect relationship between amount of media exposure and audience awareness about issues in the society. Against this, different media programmes have been rolled out in an effort to help in combatting the scourge of non-communicable diseases. Among them is in Ramogi FM, a local radio station that broadcast ‘Miya Ngima programme which seeks to inform and educate its listeners on type 2 diabetes prevention among other diseases. Despite the existence of this programme, the disease prevalence seems to be on the rise coupled with low awareness levels within the area of study. This study, therefore, purposed to examine the efficacy Miya Ngima radio programme on awareness creation about type 2 diabetes prevention. McCombs and Shaw’s (1972) Agenda-Setting Theory was used in the study. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. Systematic random sampling was used to get 400 programme listeners. Purposive sampling was used to select 2 Miya Ngima programmes on type 2 diabetes and 1 Miya Ngima programme host. In collecting data from listeners and the programme host, questionnaires and structured interviews were used respectively. Coding sheets were used to obtain data from Miya Ngima programmes. The findings revealed that amount of audience exposure to Miya Ngima programme resulted in increased audience awareness about type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of the epidemic outbreak in the health zone of Dungu with low routine vaccination coverage of children aged 0 to 59 months in VAR, in order to contribute to the implementation specific strategies to prevent new outbreaks. Method: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive epidemiological study. It focused on an exhaustive evaluation of all cases of measles confirmed by epidemiological link declared in the Dungu health zone during the period from April to December 2019 and on the evaluation of the response implemented. A comprehensive literature review was conducted taking into account all confirmed measles cases from the period April to December 2019, residing in Dungu health zone and notified to the national health system report database. health information (SNIS) and data on the response to this epidemic. The information collected was entered on Epi Info in a mask designed for this purpose. Results: The results show that out of a total of 5616 children targeted for measles vaccination in the health zone in 2019, 2117 cases (38%) of measles were confirmed. But thanks to adequate case management and the implementation of sectoral responses, there were only 2.3% of deaths. 70% of cases were confirmed on the basis of the existence of an epidemiological link with one or more confirmed cases. Just over half of the measles cases were male, or 58%. The epidemic age peak is 13-24 months (67.4%), more than the majority of measles patients (78.9%) have never been vaccinated against measles. Only 446 measles patients, or 21%, received a dose of measles vaccine (VAR). None of the measles patients received 2 or more doses of VAR. The Moussa health area was most affected by measles, ie 38.5%, followed by Wandote 22.5% and Sambia 16.8%. Conclusion: In order to avoid such epidemics in the future, it is recommended to make parents aware of the interest of vaccination, to combine vaccination systematically with activities of vitamin A supplementation and deworming with mebendazole wormer, to organize national vaccination campaigns with the targeting of specific groups of children of Mbororo herders, children of gold miners, children from armed groups such as the LRA, children who live in areas where logging is carried out, to institute the second dose of vaccine in the school environment which makes it possible to catch up with children who have missed the first vaccination and also to correct primary vaccination failures in those who have been vaccinated.

Objectives: This work thematically x-rayed the Igbo society and its culture, the impact of colonialism in Africa, cultural and religious conflict in Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart”. The novel captures the spirit of the African society during the transitional period. It delineates the encounter between the culture of Igbo tribes and the British culture necessitated by colonialism. Achebe’s Things Fall Apart portrays the African culture, tradition, social life, rituals and religion as well as the role religion plays in shaping people’s mind and behavior. It examines the impact of western religion on Igbo society/Africans at large that were happy with their religion. It elucidates the peculiarities in Igbo culture and tradition, especially the beauties and wisdom of its art and institutions. Achebe uses the novel to correct the misrepresentation of African culture and religion in Europeans literatures. It criticizes certain aspect of the African cultures that are inhuman and exposes the religious and cultural conflict between the western and African. The novel reveals the benefits of western civilization in Africa and these valuable benefits they acquired made them handicapped to fight their colonizers. Achebe delineated the colonial influenced on the African culture and religion. It also portrays the exploitation of the colonial masters under the cover of religion. It elucidates how the Africans suffered and lost their cultures and values due to the external forces that were beyond their control.

Wormian bones, otherwise ‘Sutural’ bones, are accessory bones within or near cranial sutures. They are mostly found on lambdoid sutures and can be one or more in each suture. This study is aimed at examining the incidence and frequency of Wormian bones in the dry adult cadaveric skull in Rivers State, Nigeria. Forty-three (43) dry adult skulls were examined for the presence, number, and location of Wormian bone. Thirty-seven (37) of the skulls were from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Port Harcourt, and six (6) from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University. 13 (30.23%) of the calvarias had Wormian bones while sutural bones were absent in 30 (69.77%0). 8 (61.53%) calvarias with Wormian bones had sutural bones in the lambdoid suture; with 3 (23.08%) on the left arm and 5 (38.46%) on the right arm of the lambdoid suture. 2 (15.38%) of the calvarias with Wormian bone had sutural bone in the sagittal suture and 3 (23.08%) had Wormian bones in the lambda (Inca bone). The knowledge of incidence of Wormian bone and their calvaric distribution as described in this study is essentially useful to the Anatomist, Radiologist, Pediatrician, and Surgeon in their daily practice, as well as in forensic medicine.

We present a case of a 26-year-old female at 37 weeks of gestation with concomitant pituitary apoplexy and acute fatty liver complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, leading to foetus death and hemorrhagic shock secondary to a massive uterine haemorrhage which was successfully managed in Intensive Care Unit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth case reported in the literature.

Background of the study: Erectile dysfunction may be responsible for a reasonable amount of male infertility. Erectile dysfunction can lead to male infertility. Male infertility is due to any problem in the male reproductive system including decreased sexual desire, barrenness, premature ejaculation, etc. Method: 20 male Wistar rats and 5 female Wistar rats were used for this study. Male animals were grouped into control, Viagra, high-dose Bay leaves, and low-dose Bay leaves. The extract was administered for 21 days. The animals were acclimatized for one week. Extracts were administered for three weeks. A sexual behavioural study was carried out on the animals in the dark for three days. 24 hours after the last day of the sexual behavioural study, the animals were sacrificed and the testes were harvested and sent for histological studies; semen was collected for semen analysis. Results: Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The mean difference between the tested groups and the control was tested using a one-way ANOVA. Values were considered statistically significant when P is ≤ 0.05. Mount frequency increased significantly in high-dose groups of both premature plant and bay leaves treated animals. Conclusion: This implies that the plant extract used for the present study increases sexual function (libido and potency).

Wormian bones, otherwise ‘Sutural’ bones, are accessory bones within or near cranial sutures. They are mostly found on lambdoid sutures and can be one or more in each suture. This study is aimed at examining the incidence and frequency of Wormian bones in the dry adult cadaveric skull in Rivers State, Nigeria. Forty-three (43) dry adult skulls were examined for the presence, number, and location of Wormian bone. Thirty-seven (37) of the skulls were from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Port Harcourt, and six (6) from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University. 13 (30.23%) of the calvarias had Wormian bones while sutural bones were absent in 30 (69.77%0). 8 (61.53%) calvarias with Wormian bones had sutural bones in the lambdoid suture; with 3 (23.08%) on the left arm and 5 (38.46%) on the right arm of the lambdoid suture. 2 (15.38%) of the calvarias with Wormian bone had sutural bone in the sagittal suture and 3 (23.08%) had Wormian bones in the lambda (Inca bone). The knowledge of incidence of Wormian bone and their calvaric distribution as described in this study is essentially useful to the Anatomist, Radiologist, Pediatrician, and Surgeon in their daily practice, as well as in forensic medicine.

The free fibula flap has emerged as the preferred option for reconstructing defects in the mandible and maxilla. The method of implanting a fibula flap is nearly identical to that used on the original jawbone, but accessing the bone during surgery is the most challenging part. Previous reports discussed the use of dental implants following free flap tissue transfer. This review aims to discuss all the relevant trials discussing dental implants following free flap surgery.

Stock price index futures have long been viewed by experts and scholars as a risk-hedging trading tool that can help investors’ hedge risk and ensure the healthy and stable development of China's financial stock market. The asset underlying of stock price index futures is the stock price index. The CSI 300 stock index futures, a type of stock price index futures, were created on April 16, 2010, and its birth marked the official start of stock index futures trading in China. After the launch of CSI 300 stock index futures, the China Financial Futures Exchange launched (CFFEX) SSE 50 stock price index futures and CSI 500 stock price index futures one after another. The introduction of stock price index futures trading can bring about an impact on the volatility of the stock spot market to a certain extent and play a role in reducing volatility. The speed of transmission of stock index information to market participant decreases after the China Financial Futures Exchange restricts stock index futures trading. Based on the results that the coefficients of DF-DT, the cross term of the two dummy variables added to the GARCH model, have significant values and values less than zero, it can be analyzed that the restrictive measures taken by the China Financial Futures Exchange on stock index futures trading enhance the mitigating restrictive effect of the introduction of stock index futures trading in China on the volatility of the Chinese stock spot market.

The menace of cultism has eaten deep into the Nigerian Institution of higher learning especially in Rivers State and inspite of the jail term for airing members of a cult group caught by the authorities as proscribed in the Nigerian 1999 constitution as amended. This menace is still growing and gaining more grounds in the entire higher institutions on daily basis. Cultism constitutes a major social problem to the peace and harmony that ought to exist within the academic confines of Rivers State. Admittedly the menace have attracted so much tension and concerns of major stakeholders within and outside the educational system and it negative impact affects our universities in terms of disruption of academic calendar, vandalization of school facilities, loss of lives of both innocent and actual cult members within and outside the school environs as well as raping of students. Unfortunately, it has been reported that students who are from disorganized family background that fall prey of joining cult group either in their local environment or when they gain admission into higher institution. This however, is now seen as a very big problem that need immediate solution if the aims and objectives of educating the younger generation are to be actualized. Thus, it further indicates that some factors that motivate the emergence and sustenance of secret cult in the educational system are traceable to the faculty decadence of our immediate society, the parental or student background, the educational environment etc. This study therefore offer some policy recommendations that is needed if we are ready to curtail the activities of cultism in our society and within our educational institutions in Rivers State.

The aim was to study the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of paraphimosis at the CSRéf of Markala. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective and descriptive study of five patients who had consulted for paraphimosis in the operating theatre of the Markala referral health centre from 1er January 2019 to 31 December 2021, i.e. a two-year period. Our study included all patients who consulted for paraphimosis at the CSRéf of Markala with a usable medical file. The criteria for non-inclusion were: Phimosis without other pathologies of the penis. The records were not usable, as this was a prospective study. Results: The frequency of paraphimosis was 2.1% out of 235 patients hospitalized and operated on at the CSRéf of Markala during the study period. Four of our patients had no particular medical or surgical history, but the oldest of our patients had already undergone a hernia repair and an appendectomy at the time ; the average age of our patients was 15.3 years, with extremes ranging from 3 years to 53 years . However, we note that there is no specific age of onset of paraphimosis The treatment received by all our patients was posthectomy. No major complication was noted in our patients, however we deplore a loss of sight in two of our patients for a long term follow-up in order to identify other unknown aspects in the management of paraphimosis. Conclusion: Paraphimosis is a true urological emergency that occurs in uncircumcised men when the foreskin is trapped behind the glans crown, which can lead to long-term strangulation of the glans and compromise its vascularity hence their immediate management paraphimosis.