Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that draws on insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, computer science, philosophy, and other fields. It seeks to understand how language is acquired, how it changes over time, how it varies across cultures and regions, and how it is used in different contexts and for different purposes. The publication of The Study of Language in 2022 by George Yule who was an American linguist aroused a world-wide interest among scientists, especially linguists. This article concentrates on the reviews based on the book The Study of Language written by George Yule.

This study examined the impact of women's empowerment on Indonesia's economic growth, women's empowerment programs, and the forms of women's contributions to foster economic growth. The data used were the number of women’s representation in parliament, women as professionals, women’s expenditure, women's life expectancy, the percentage of women's population, and the growth rate of gross regional domestic product (GRDP) in 34 provinces of Indonesia from 2017-2021. This study combined quantitative and qualitative methods. The panel data regression and fixed effect model used in the data analysis model demonstrated that the findings of life expectancy have a negative and significant impact on GRDP in 34 provinces of Indonesia. The percentage of women’s population has a negative and significant impact on the GRDP in 34 provinces of Indonesia. Women play a significant role in advancing the economy that the government remains committed to enhancing women's knowledge, skills and self-confidence through women's empowerment programs. It is envisaged that the women's empowerment program will produce excellent and high-quality human resources, which will help Indonesia's economy grow and develop.

This study focuses on the phenomenon of speech acts in Joe Biden’s victory speech in the US presidential election 2020. There are 30 selected utterances taken from Joe Biden’s victory speech. This study applies a qualitative method. Moreover, the data in this study are in the form of utterances which contain speech acts. The analysis begins by classifying the types of speech acts used by Joe Biden in his victory speech using Searle’s theory of speech acts (1976), and the theory of context by Brown and Yule (1983). In total there are 30 utterances; 11 utterances are representative, 7 utterances are directive, 6 utterances are commissive, 5 utterances are expressive, and 1 utterance is declarative. The second research question is to reveal the implied meanings of the speech acts used by Joe Biden in his victory speech. The results of this study show that the implied meanings from Joe Biden’s utterances in his victory speech are about the commitments he will carry out in the future and to convince the audience of his sincerity in running for president of the United States of America by presenting the great programs he will run when in office and stresses the importance of unity in building and moving the nation forward.

Background: Short inter-pregnancy interval (SIPI) has been linked with low maternal haematological indices and adverse fetal outcome. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended a minimum of 24 months inter-pregnancy interval to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. However, sub-optimal pregnancy spacing is common in many developing countries including Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the impact of inter-pregnancy interval on maternal serum ferritin, haematocrit level and fetal outcome among parturient in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Study Design: A prospective cohort study of parturient less than 20weeks gestation. Those who did not satisfy the WHO recommended inter-pregnancy interval of at least 24months were categorized as group II while gestational age and social status matched parturient who satisfied the WHO recommendation were in group I. Methodology: A total of 316 parturient who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study by systematic sampling. These were equal number of 158 participants each as subject and control. Subject and control were matched for gestational age and social status. The serum ferritin and haematocrit levels as well as fetal outcome were evaluated for each participant. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 with appropriate tables and figures generated. Results: There was statistically significance difference in the mean levels of serum ferritin (P<0.001) and haematocrit (P<0.001) at booking for the two groups of participants. There was statistically significant difference in the gestational age at delivery (P<0.001) with higher rate of preterm delivery (22.1% vs. 1.9%; P<0.001) in group II compared to group I. In addition, there were higher percentages of group II babies with 1st (32.5% vs. 9.6%; P<0.001) and 5th minute (18.2% vs. 1.9%; P<0.001) APGAR scores < 7 compared to group I babies (P<0.001). The mean birth weight was lower in group II (2.70±0.35 vs. 3.10±0.31; P<0.001) with higher need for neonatal resuscitation (16.9% vs. 2.6%; P<0.001) and intensive care admission (18.2% vs. 1.3%; P<0.001) among neonates of women in group II. Neonatal anaemia (15.4% vs. 0.0%; P<0.001) occurred only in group II participants’ babies. Neonatal mortality was zero for group I and 18(11.7%) for group II babies. Conclusion: Inter-pregnancy interval below the WHO recommendation is associated with low maternal serum ferritin and haematocrit levels as well as adverse fetal outcome. Recommendations: Adequate child spacing should be emphasized during antenatal visits, postpartum counselling, postnatal clinic visits as well as other contacts with non-pregnant women of reproductive age.

Background: Supracondylar fractures are a common type of elbow fracture in children, and Gartland type III fractures are the most severe form of this injury. These fractures may be treated with either closed reduction and percutaneous pinning or open reduction and internal fixation using pins. Objective: To evaluate the outcome of pediatric stiffness in Gartland type III supracondylar fractures using the Flynn's criteria. Materials and Methods: A Multicentered based prospective study was performed in 250 Beded District Hospital, Chapainawabganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2021 to December 2022. A total of 80 patients with displaced type III extension supracondylar fractures were included, all of whom were treated at two separate facilities in a systematic way. Closed reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning were the major components of treatment at (n = 43). ORIF was the treatment plan (n = 37) for patients. Their stiffness was evaluated over a 6-month follow-up period. Result: A total of 80 displaced type III extension supracondylar fractures treated primarily closed reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning (n=43), while the other used primarily open reduction and internal fixation (n=37) with two lateral parallel pins (n=11), cross pins (n=11) and two lateral and one medial pin (n =15), 28 patients (75.6%) had an excellent result, six patients (18.9%) had a good result, two patients (4.6%) had a fair result, and one patient (2.7%) had a poor result in the ORIF group. In the CRPF group, 33 (76.7%) patients had an excellent result, seven (16.2%) patients had a good result, two (4.6%) patients had a fair result, and one (2.4%) patient had a poor result. The stability and configuration of the fracture open and closed reduction groups were not statistically significant according to Flynn's criteria (P>0.05). Concision: This study provides valuable information on the evaluation of pediatric stiffness in Gartland type III supracondylar fractures and highlights the need for careful follow-up to detect and manage any potential stiffness. Although closed reduction did not show any superiority over open reduction, it was suggested as the first treatment choice due to its low morbidity and short hospital stay.

This article investigates the theoretical treatment of mixed convection heat enhancement flow for an electrically-conducting and viscous dissipative fluid traveling vertically through a thermodynamic system where the parallel plates are constantly heated in a slit micro-channel due to mixed convection with porous material. One surface had super-hydrophobic slip and a temperature jump, whereas the other did not. The perturbation technique (semi-analytical method) was employed to solve the nonlinear and coupled leading equations. The results were carefully scrutinized, and the effects of the relevant controlling parameters are shown using different plots. It is concluded from this analysis that the fluid temperature and velocity was found to increase as the viscous dissipation term is increased. Similarly, the function of Darcy porous number is to significantly strengthen the fluid velocity, and these effects are stronger at the heated super-hydrophobic surface, whereas mounting level of magnetic field is seen to drastically weaken the fluid motion in the microchannel. Setting Br and A to zero respectively, Gr/Re=1, and Da to 1000, so that the term 1/Da becomes insignificant, Jha and Gwandu (2017)'s work is retrieved, verifying the accuracy of the current analysis. Further, the outcomes of this research can have possible applications in the lubrication industry and biomedical sciences and has proved very useful to designers in increasing the performance of mechanical systems when viscous dissipation is involved, as well as heat transfer in micro-channels, as it is in combustion.

The rising prevalence of obesity is known to be associated with the risks of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst others, but the levels vary across gender and different populations. The present study therefore evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) status on basic renal functions in obese women resident in Rivers State of Nigeria. The least allowed sample size of 272 was determined using the Leslie Fischer's formula; exactly 334 obese and non-obese women within their 18 and 65 years of age with no critical health condition and resident in Upland and Riverine areas of Rivers State were actually surveyed by the present study. A multistage sampling technique was adopted, and subjects were surveyed across the upland and riverine locations of the State. These subjects were evenly drawn from the multi-ethnic residents of the state. Anthropometric (body mass index-BMI) data and blood sample (via antecubital vein following standard procedures) were obtained from the consenting subjects. After laboratory analyses, the numerical data were subjected to statistical analyses using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test with a p< 0.05 considered statistically significant were determined. There were generally significant (p<0.05) increases in the creatinine and marked (p<0.05) reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in the obese subjects compared to the non-obese and also with increasing BMI. The Creatinine and eGFR values were significantly (p<0.0) dyregulated. In conclusion, the above results of the present study are only markers of renal risks, (e.g. chronic kidney disease, etc.) and not necessarily incidences of emergencies. It however suggestive that obese women in Rivers Sate of Nigeria, particularly the riverine residents should take caution as their obesity status could predispose them to significant renal disorders.

Communication research has established a cause-effect relationship between amount of media exposure and audience awareness about issues in the society. Against this, different media programmes have been rolled out in an effort to help in combatting the scourge of non-communicable diseases. Among them is in Ramogi FM, a local radio station that broadcast ‘Miya Ngima programme which seeks to inform and educate its listeners on type 2 diabetes prevention among other diseases. Despite the existence of this programme, the disease prevalence seems to be on the rise coupled with low awareness levels within the area of study. This study, therefore, purposed to examine the efficacy Miya Ngima radio programme on awareness creation about type 2 diabetes prevention. McCombs and Shaw’s (1972) Agenda-Setting Theory was used in the study. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. Systematic random sampling was used to get 400 programme listeners. Purposive sampling was used to select 2 Miya Ngima programmes on type 2 diabetes and 1 Miya Ngima programme host. In collecting data from listeners and the programme host, questionnaires and structured interviews were used respectively. Coding sheets were used to obtain data from Miya Ngima programmes. The findings revealed that amount of audience exposure to Miya Ngima programme resulted in increased audience awareness about type 2 diabetes.

Background: The prevalence and impact of nosocomial infections, the importance of infection control measures, and the role of nurses in preventing and managing these infections. It could also discuss previous research on the topic and identify gaps in knowledge or areas for further investigation. Nosocomial infections challenge healthcare and cause prolonged recovery and death if untreated. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause these infections. Objective: The study also aimed to highlight the importance of continuous education for registered nurses to improve their efficiency in preventing nosocomial infections. Material and Method: This descriptive observational study was conducted at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, in Bangladesh, from July to November 2019. The relationships between nurse’s knowledge and practice, with a sample size of 200 nurse’s. The age range of the participants was 30-35 years (40%), 36-40 years (20%), 41-45 years (16%), 46-50 years (16%), and 50+ years (8%). Females constituted 89% of the sample, with 76% having a diploma in nursing and midwifery, 12% having a B.Sc. in nursing, and 12% having an M.Sc./MPH. Result: According to a survey of nurse’s, 86% knew about nosocomial infections, with 74% citing improper sterilization as the main cause and 66% aware of risk factors. Most believed they spread in hospitals (64%), and poor health status was a primary risk factor (64%), with 92% received health education, and 98% received help with investigations. Tuberculosis was the most common organism responsible (60%) followed by Candida albicans (26%). Primary risk factors were poor health status (64%) and surgical drains (10%). Disinfection of patient equipment (72%) was the most effective barrier, and urinary tract infections (66%) were the most common complication. Environmental changes (70%) were considered the best prevention method. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for registered nurses to stay up-to-date with infection control and sterile technique principles to prevent nosocomial infections. To effectively care for both the mother and the newborn, it is necessary to determine the best approach to them both for the entirety of the pregnancy.

We present a case of a 26-year-old female at 37 weeks of gestation with concomitant pituitary apoplexy and acute fatty liver complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, leading to foetus death and hemorrhagic shock secondary to a massive uterine haemorrhage which was successfully managed in Intensive Care Unit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth case reported in the literature.

Wormian bones, otherwise ‘Sutural’ bones, are accessory bones within or near cranial sutures. They are mostly found on lambdoid sutures and can be one or more in each suture. This study is aimed at examining the incidence and frequency of Wormian bones in the dry adult cadaveric skull in Rivers State, Nigeria. Forty-three (43) dry adult skulls were examined for the presence, number, and location of Wormian bone. Thirty-seven (37) of the skulls were from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Port Harcourt, and six (6) from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University. 13 (30.23%) of the calvarias had Wormian bones while sutural bones were absent in 30 (69.77%0). 8 (61.53%) calvarias with Wormian bones had sutural bones in the lambdoid suture; with 3 (23.08%) on the left arm and 5 (38.46%) on the right arm of the lambdoid suture. 2 (15.38%) of the calvarias with Wormian bone had sutural bone in the sagittal suture and 3 (23.08%) had Wormian bones in the lambda (Inca bone). The knowledge of incidence of Wormian bone and their calvaric distribution as described in this study is essentially useful to the Anatomist, Radiologist, Pediatrician, and Surgeon in their daily practice, as well as in forensic medicine.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of the epidemic outbreak in the health zone of Dungu with low routine vaccination coverage of children aged 0 to 59 months in VAR, in order to contribute to the implementation specific strategies to prevent new outbreaks. Method: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive epidemiological study. It focused on an exhaustive evaluation of all cases of measles confirmed by epidemiological link declared in the Dungu health zone during the period from April to December 2019 and on the evaluation of the response implemented. A comprehensive literature review was conducted taking into account all confirmed measles cases from the period April to December 2019, residing in Dungu health zone and notified to the national health system report database. health information (SNIS) and data on the response to this epidemic. The information collected was entered on Epi Info in a mask designed for this purpose. Results: The results show that out of a total of 5616 children targeted for measles vaccination in the health zone in 2019, 2117 cases (38%) of measles were confirmed. But thanks to adequate case management and the implementation of sectoral responses, there were only 2.3% of deaths. 70% of cases were confirmed on the basis of the existence of an epidemiological link with one or more confirmed cases. Just over half of the measles cases were male, or 58%. The epidemic age peak is 13-24 months (67.4%), more than the majority of measles patients (78.9%) have never been vaccinated against measles. Only 446 measles patients, or 21%, received a dose of measles vaccine (VAR). None of the measles patients received 2 or more doses of VAR. The Moussa health area was most affected by measles, ie 38.5%, followed by Wandote 22.5% and Sambia 16.8%. Conclusion: In order to avoid such epidemics in the future, it is recommended to make parents aware of the interest of vaccination, to combine vaccination systematically with activities of vitamin A supplementation and deworming with mebendazole wormer, to organize national vaccination campaigns with the targeting of specific groups of children of Mbororo herders, children of gold miners, children from armed groups such as the LRA, children who live in areas where logging is carried out, to institute the second dose of vaccine in the school environment which makes it possible to catch up with children who have missed the first vaccination and also to correct primary vaccination failures in those who have been vaccinated.

Background of the study: Erectile dysfunction may be responsible for a reasonable amount of male infertility. Erectile dysfunction can lead to male infertility. Male infertility is due to any problem in the male reproductive system including decreased sexual desire, barrenness, premature ejaculation, etc. Method: 20 male Wistar rats and 5 female Wistar rats were used for this study. Male animals were grouped into control, Viagra, high-dose Bay leaves, and low-dose Bay leaves. The extract was administered for 21 days. The animals were acclimatized for one week. Extracts were administered for three weeks. A sexual behavioural study was carried out on the animals in the dark for three days. 24 hours after the last day of the sexual behavioural study, the animals were sacrificed and the testes were harvested and sent for histological studies; semen was collected for semen analysis. Results: Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The mean difference between the tested groups and the control was tested using a one-way ANOVA. Values were considered statistically significant when P is ≤ 0.05. Mount frequency increased significantly in high-dose groups of both premature plant and bay leaves treated animals. Conclusion: This implies that the plant extract used for the present study increases sexual function (libido and potency).

Wormian bones, otherwise ‘Sutural’ bones, are accessory bones within or near cranial sutures. They are mostly found on lambdoid sutures and can be one or more in each suture. This study is aimed at examining the incidence and frequency of Wormian bones in the dry adult cadaveric skull in Rivers State, Nigeria. Forty-three (43) dry adult skulls were examined for the presence, number, and location of Wormian bone. Thirty-seven (37) of the skulls were from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Port Harcourt, and six (6) from the osteological collections of the Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University. 13 (30.23%) of the calvarias had Wormian bones while sutural bones were absent in 30 (69.77%0). 8 (61.53%) calvarias with Wormian bones had sutural bones in the lambdoid suture; with 3 (23.08%) on the left arm and 5 (38.46%) on the right arm of the lambdoid suture. 2 (15.38%) of the calvarias with Wormian bone had sutural bone in the sagittal suture and 3 (23.08%) had Wormian bones in the lambda (Inca bone). The knowledge of incidence of Wormian bone and their calvaric distribution as described in this study is essentially useful to the Anatomist, Radiologist, Pediatrician, and Surgeon in their daily practice, as well as in forensic medicine.

Objectives: This work thematically x-rayed the Igbo society and its culture, the impact of colonialism in Africa, cultural and religious conflict in Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart”. The novel captures the spirit of the African society during the transitional period. It delineates the encounter between the culture of Igbo tribes and the British culture necessitated by colonialism. Achebe’s Things Fall Apart portrays the African culture, tradition, social life, rituals and religion as well as the role religion plays in shaping people’s mind and behavior. It examines the impact of western religion on Igbo society/Africans at large that were happy with their religion. It elucidates the peculiarities in Igbo culture and tradition, especially the beauties and wisdom of its art and institutions. Achebe uses the novel to correct the misrepresentation of African culture and religion in Europeans literatures. It criticizes certain aspect of the African cultures that are inhuman and exposes the religious and cultural conflict between the western and African. The novel reveals the benefits of western civilization in Africa and these valuable benefits they acquired made them handicapped to fight their colonizers. Achebe delineated the colonial influenced on the African culture and religion. It also portrays the exploitation of the colonial masters under the cover of religion. It elucidates how the Africans suffered and lost their cultures and values due to the external forces that were beyond their control.