Objectives: Pre-analytical errors decisively influence the total laboratory errors and consequently the diagnostic accuracy. The following were the objectives of the study. 1) To detect the percentage of pre-analytical errors in venous specimens in Laboratory. 2) To categorize these pre-analytical errors. 3) To formulate steps of corrective measures to avoid such type of errors. Study Design and Result: Type of Study - Retrospective study. Study period - 12 months (June 2015 to May 2016), documenting the frequency and type of pre-analytical errors. Results: Total number of pre-analytical errors detected in the period of 12 months’ study were 180. Improper timing of specimens, hemolyzed & clotted specimens and improper requests were the major concerns followed by delay in specimen transport. Conclusion: Pre-analytical phase is an important component of Total Laboratory Quality. Pre-analytical errors are not inevitable and can be avoided or minimized with diligent application of quality control, continuing education, effective protocols, and standardized procedures for effective blood collection systems to ensure total Quality patient care.

With the emergence of organized societies, the norms that controlled the management of these societies arose with them and later developed into laws, regulations, and provisions regulating the relations of people in these societies and later in states, but without becoming a law that governs relations of these countries, with the development of states and the development of human perception, many practices in international relations have become rejected, and it has become necessary to place restrictions on the actions of states, whether in wartime or peacetime, in a way that guarantees human dignity. Justice was and will remain the prayer of humanity and its perpetual sanctification, which philosophers and thinkers have sought since ancient times until Socrates said: “There is no adornment more beautiful than justice because it is one of the best powers of the mind.”, so justice needed effective systems and working institutions. The judiciary was the most important and trusted institution of it, and there was no authority over it except the law. The world needs an effective international criminal court that enjoys widespread support. Conflicts, wars, violence, and human rights violations have taken many forms during the various stages of human history, as recent events have shown the continuation of this development, perhaps the seriousness of the crimes committed and the harm that they result from man and his surroundings, as well as the international nature of the crimes committed and public opinion, condemning them, and the desire to reduce these crimes by not leaving the perpetrators unpunished, are the most important factors and foundations for punishing international crimes.

Digital marketing is essential to the travel and hospitality industries. These days, it's a helpful tool for creating digital brand names and attracting and retaining clients. It has been demonstrated that using digital technology to implement marketing strategies, such as influencer marketing, social media marketing, and search engine optimization, benefits businesses. Through the process of monitoring customer behavior and assessing their preferences, digital marketing allows businesses to offer personalized and engaging content that encourages online referrals. Digital technology must be included into a number of sectors, including operations, services, communications, revenue management, distribution, and marketing, for the industry to be stimulated and reinvigorated. Hotel businesses need to reevaluate their current economic models and embrace digital marketing as an essential tool if they are to expand. The aim of the current research is to search the keywords in the database dimensions and creating co-occurrence mapping using VOSviewer software. Finally, the importance of digital marketing in tourism and hospitality industry is researched using research database and presented using term co-occurrence mappings.

Because of the intimate physical link between the primary tooth and the permanent tooth germ, traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition might impair the development of permanent teeth, particularly in the maxillary front region. Dilaceration is a condition that is commonly encountered as a result of dental trauma and is defined as an abrupt deviation along the long axis of the tooth that can be visible between the crown, root, or both. Due to their location within the esthetic zone, such teeth present a special difficulty to the pediatric dentist. This article aims to describe a case of a 09-year-old female patient with an ectopic permanent maxillary central incisor, which was diagnosed as dilacerated after the radiographic examination. The case was managed with an interceptive approach using a Hawley palate.

The escalating trend of microbial resistance has become a pressing global concern, challenging the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in treating infections. This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata against selected human pathogens. The antimicrobial screening against bacterial pathogens- (e.g., Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomans fluorescens and Klebsiella pneumonieae) and fungal pathogens (which includes Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, and Microsporum canis) was performed using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with higher efficacy against S. aureus. Susceptibility test results showed that the extract inhibited the growth of all the test organisms (bacteria and fungi) with a mean zone of inhibition range of 18-29 mm, with the exception of VRE, S. typhimurium, P. fluorescens, C. krusei and M. canis in all the three extracts, while Hexane extract showed no inhibition against E. coli and A. niger. The standard drugs sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin (500 µg/cm3) had zone of inhibition ranging from 28 - 40 mm. While the antifungal drugs fluconazole and fulcin exhibited zone of inhibition ranging from 27 mm to 34 mm. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the extracts ranges from 62.5 - 250µg/cm3, while the Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations (MBC/MFC) range from 250 - 500 µg/cm3, respectively. The ethyl acetate extracts possessed higher antimicrobial activity among the three extracts tested against S. Aureus. The findings suggest that S. longipedunculata leaves hold promise as a natural source of antimicrobial agents, warranting further exploration for potential therapeutic applications.

Background: The Hepatitis B virus causes dangerous liver illness. Infected pregnant women can infect their newborns and develop fulminant HBV. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women and their newborns. Methodology: The study involved 226 randomly selected women from January to March 2023. Results: The results showed that 4.9% of pregnant women had HBV infection, with Caesarean Section being a significant risk factor. Around 27.3% of infected mothers transmitted HBV to their newborns. The age group 26-30 years had the highest prevalence rate of HBsAg, with urban residents having the highest prevalence. Conclusion: Caesarean section and urban resident were the most risk factors for infection with HBV. The study recommends laboratory-based screening and prophylactic vaccines to eliminate HBV from the general population.

Appendiceal mucocele (AM) or Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms is a rare but potentially dangerous condition. In the latter, a spontaneous or iatrogenic rupture of the mucocele can lead to mucinous intraperitoneal ascites, a syndrome known as pseudomyxoma peritonei. We present the case of a 76-year-old female patient who reported right iliac fossa pain with RIF tenderness on clinical examination, and underwent an abdominal CT scan showing an appendiceal mucocele associated with a small peritoneal effusion suspecting a ruptured mucocele, related to peritoneal pseudomyxoma. The patient underwent appendectomy with peritoneal lavage and aspiration of all mucin found. Anatomopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele (a low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm).

Background: Postpartum intrauterine contraceptives device (PPIUCD) offers an effective means of providing contraceptive services to women in countries with high rates of unmet needs for family planning services. Scientific literature estimating the long-term retention rates is scarce. The complications following PPIUCD insertion at the three follow-up visits. The PPIUCD can be placed immediately following delivery of the placenta, during cesarean section or within 48 hours following childbirth. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the evaluation of short-term complications of Post-Partum Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (PPIUCD). Methods: This is a prospective observational study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH). 360 eligible postpartum women were counselled for PPIUCD insertion. These women were also interviewed for their reasons for accepting and rejecting PPIUCD. After consent, Cu-T 380A insertion was done. Follow-up was done at 6 weeks or when reported with any complaint. Results: PPIUCD implantation was performed on 48 (13.3%) of 360 eligible counseled postpartum patients. Acceptance of PPIUCD was higher in the age range of 25 - 30 years (43.75%), women from middle socioeconomic status (58.3%), those with family support (75%), those who had previously had PPIUCD health counselling (70.8%), and multipara (68.75%). Missing thread (8.3%), lower abdomen pain (6.25%), and irregular per vaginal bleeding (4.2%) were the most prevalent problems. There was 86% continuation of IUCD, 8% discontinuance, 6% expulsion, and no occurrence of unintended pregnancy. Conclusion: The awareness about availability of PPIUCD is quite low because it is recently introduced in the family planning methods. The most common reason for refusal is disagreement between the husband and his family. Acceptance can be increased further by disseminating information and providing proper counseling in antenatal clinics.

Changes in the pigment and protein complexes involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis can be caused by environmental conditions, particularly those related to light quality and intensity during growth. The metabolome analysis of rice and soybean showed that dehydration stress increased the levels of galactinol and raffinose. One key method by which microorganisms control plant development has been proposed to be the generation of auxin or auxin precursors by bacteria associated with roots, or the manipulation of auxin production in plants. The effects of pathogenic and beneficial root-interacting fungi on the hormone content and auxin responsiveness of Arabidopsis, as determined by the auxin-inducible promoter system. Many developmental processes, like stem elongation, germination, vegetative growth, blooming, and reproduction, are regulated by GAs. Analyzing the metabolome of Several distinct defensive mechanisms function in different ways to prevent or lessen harm. Coeluting substances in the sample matrix have an effect on the analyte signals. They can impede or, less frequently, increase the analyte's ionization process, producing stronger or weaker signals, respectively. Furthermore, auxin, a different hormone present in plants, combines with cytokinins to prevent senescence, which, at least in its early stages, serves as a structured metabolic time and a tissue breakdown. Furthermore, synthetic amino acids with unique light-absorbing side chains may be used to add colors to such a new photosystem and rice showed that under circumstances of dehydration stress, levels of galactinol and raffinose were enhanced.

Minerals, metals and gemstones have an affluent history of being employed for their therapeutic qualities once they undergo specific processing procedures. Among these gemstones, Vajra (Diamond) stands out as it is recognized as a Rasayana due to its inherent characteristics. It has been categorized within the realm of Ratna Varga. From a chemical stance, Vajra (Diamond) is renowned as the most resilient mineral found on Earth with carbon being its predominant constituent. This article delves into an exhaustive analysis of Vajra as per classical literature. Multiple classical texts of Rasa Shastra are meticulously examined to provide an extensive account of Vajra, encompassing its Prapti sthaan (Occurrence), Paryaya (Synonyms), Vargikaran (Classification), Karma (Pharmacological properties), Ashuddha Vajra Dosha, its prativisha (antidote), Shodhana (Purification), Marana (Incineration), Matra (Therapeutic dose), Chikitisiya Prayog (Therapeutic indications) and Druti preparation (Liquefaction). While Vajra is commonly used for ornamental purposes, it also finds a distinct role in therapeutic applications after undergoing purification and incineration processes, both internally and externally.

This paper contrasted compounding in the Gokana and English languages. This study employed the Contrastive Analysis Theory (CA). The data collection technique adopted in this study is unstructured elicitation oral interview method. The method of data analysis adopted in this paper is purely the contrastive method. The data collected in the Gokana language were glossed in the English language. It was ascertained that compounding is one of the morphological operations that result in the realization of new word in the Gokana and English languages. It was also observed from the data presented in this paper that the words that are joined to form a compound may or may not belong to the same word class or parts of speech. This study further found out that compounds in the Gokana and English languages can syntactically be classified into endocentric, exocentric, coordinative and appositional compounds. More so, it was affirmed that unlike in English language, endocentric compounds in the Gokana language has a head initial and modifier final structure. This study recommends that L2 (English language) teachers in the Gokana speech communities should be grounded in the morphological operations that result to exocentric compounds, semantic and non-semantic compounds in the English language so as to be able to assist the L2 English learners.

Background: Despite the fact that, ferritin is commonly regarded as a representation of total body iron reserves; its predictive value is also connected to COVID-19 severity. COVID-19 disease can manifest itself in pregnant women in a variety of ways. Comorbid conditions have a significant impact on the progression of COVID-19 severity. Several studies have showed that, serum ferritin level was associated with severity of COVID-19 infection. So, we conducted this study to evaluate the comparison of mean serum ferritin levels between non-severe and severe COVID-19 infection groups during third trimester of pregnancy. Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the mean serum ferritin levels between non-severe and severe COVID-19 infection groups in third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, COVID-19 Unit, BSMMU and DMCH. Sampling method was purposive. Total 154 cases were included in this study after matching eligibility criteria. After collecting intravenous blood, serum ferritin level was measured. Results: Among 154 cases, 24.7% cases were asymptomatic, 40.3% cases were mild, 24.7% cases were moderate and 10.4% cases were severe COVID-19 infection during third trimester of pregnancy. The non-severe COVID-19 infection group consisted of 100 cases of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 infected patients, with a mean serum ferritin level of 51.48 ng/ml. The severe COVID-19 infection group consisted of 54 cases of moderate and severe COVID-19 infected patients, with a mean serum ferritin level of 478.37 ng/ml. The independent samples t-test revealed a p-value of ≤0.05 (0.0000000002), when comparing the mean values of these two groups. Conclusion: Serum ferritin level rises significantly in severe COVID-19 infection during third trimester of pregnancy.

Polyphenolic phytochemicals of Cola nitida, with their potential therapeutic ability can modulate metabolic and transcriptional expression of proteins and enzymatic activities that culminate to hyperglyceamic effects. This study investigated the hyperglyceamic effects of polyphenolic phytochemical extracts of Cola nitida in Wistar rat in-vivo and established a parallel inhibition of the enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) in their activities as the concentration increased. On administration of the extracts, the activity of α-amylase was inhibited from control, 32 ± 0.00 to 16 ± 0.02u/L as the concentration increased. Also, the activity of α- glucosidase was inhibited from 17 ± 0.01 to 10 ± 0.00u/L in relation to the concentration of the extracts. The inhibitory effect of Cola nitida on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes delayed glucose utilization resulting to elevated glucose concentration from 6.07 ± 0.02 to 9.11 ± 0.01 mMol/L. The composition of the polyphenolic phytochemicals in the Cola nitida analyzed with gas chromatographic techniques was found to contain; apigenin, 6.0 ± 0.01; catechin, 7.1± 0.01; epicatechin, 4.8 ± 0.02; narigenin, 4.9 ± 0.10 mg/100mg and these are the active ingredients of the bioactive compounds that are responsible for the hyperglyceamic effects of Cola nitida.

Poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) effluents arising from vehicular spent petroleum products on highways were assessed. Analysis of this impact on cassava leaves and tubers on highway using the method of AOAC, 1990 revealed xylene to be of highest concentration, 0.1449 and 0.1865mm/g in leaves and roots respectively. Other PAHs analyzed were found to contain as follows: acenapthylene (0.0003 and 0.0312mm/g), phenanthlene (0.0029 and 0.0003mm/g), anthracene (0.0067 and 0.0127mm/g), 1,2-benzathracene (0.0161 and 0.0126mm/g), benzo(k)fluorine (0.0001 and 0.223mm/g) and pyrene (0.0169 and 0.0329mm/g) for leaves and roots respectively. From these findings, the concentration of PAH is highest in cassava roots than leaves and this justifies its hazardous effects on humans. Therefore, environmental monitoring of poly aromatic hydrocarbons in food is imperative in evaluating the possible toxicity of the impact as well as the carcinogenic potential of these compounds to humans via intake.

Assessment of the level of contamination from possible impact of spent crankcase oil on soil ecosystem is imperative for the determination of environmental acceptability. This study investigated this impact ex-situ using a culture-dependent approach to evaluate the total microbial counts; biochemical and physicochemical tools to determine the activities of their exudates (acid and alkaline phosphatases), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and pH as indices. The experiment demonstrated that at 1.5 – 3.5% contamination across days-zero to -28, spent crankcase oil stimulated significantly (p<0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase in a concentration and time dependent manner from 4.0 ± 0.03 to 8.0 ± 0.00Katal. Acid phosphatase suffered inhibition significantly (p<0.05) from 6.0 ± 0.05 to 2.8 ± 0.01Katal. The contamination significantly (p<0.05) increased the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) across all the days relative to control and this lowered the pH from 5.9 ± 0.00 to 4.8 ± 0.00. An initial reduction in microbial biomass from 1.32 x 109 ± 0.00 to 3.48 x108 ± 0.00 cfu/g on week one, and induction of hydrocarbon-degrading organisms, (the hydrocarbonclastics), to 3.7 x 10¬¬8 ± 0.10cfu/g at 1.5 – 3.5% contamination overtime correlated with enzyme induction, and activity. Ecosystem dynamics and mineralization were impaired and disrupted and the entire soil biochemistry was altered.