Background: A variety of factors, including tubal blockage, cause infertility, a global problem. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look at the most common tubal irregularities. Methodology: A descriptive longitudinal study was undertaken in Khair Alelag private hospital in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from January to December 2023. We included approximately 60 individuals who presented for a hygrosalpingogram (HSG) evaluation. Results: According to our findings, half of the study group 30(50%) has a history of PID, with 17 (57%) having tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (7%) or unilaterally (10%). Those without a history of PID (12%) have tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (3%) or unilaterally (9%). 12 (20%) have a history of uterine or tubal surgery, all with tubal obstruction; 8 (13%) have unilateral tubal obstruction; and 4 (7%) have bilateral tubal obstruction. Conclusion: Tubal blockage is common in Sudan, and it may contribute to the country's high rate of infertility. Unilateral tubal blockage is the most prevalent form.

Every language possesses a unique system for constructing meaning. Assamese, the easternmost Indo-Aryan language and Assam's official tongue, exemplifies this with its rich morphological system. Suffixes, attached to word ends, significantly impact meaning and emotional weight. This study delves into a fascinating subset: pleonastic suffixes. Unlike others, these add emphasis and emotional depth without altering core meaning. Their versatility allows them to express a range of emotions in everyday speech. Their frequent use reflects the nuanced expressiveness inherent in Assamese. To illuminate these multifaceted functions, a corpus-based approach will be employed. A comprehensive corpus of spoken Assamese, compiled from interviews, documentaries, and everyday conversations, will be analysed using established corpus techniques to identify instances of pleonastic suffixes. Following this, a qualitative analysis using thematic and discourse analysis will delve deeper, examining context, conveyed emotions, and the overall impact on the message. This exploration of the pleonastic suffixes will further help in gaining a deeper appreciation for Assamese morphology. These seemingly small additions significantly enhance the language's emotional depth and communicative power. This research paper, will not only contribute to a better understanding of Assamese grammar but also sheds light on the role of morphology in shaping emotional expression across languages.

Background: Oesophageal masses, including cancers, are serious gastrointestinal conditions diagnosed and studied using endoscopic and histologic techniques to confirm. Objectives: To analyze and evaluate the endoscopic and histologic findings in oesophageal masses over a five year period. Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective study of all patients with endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of oesophageal masses as seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto between January 2017 and December 2022. Results: The age range was 41-70, mean of 57.26±1510years and Male: Female ratio of 1.62: 1. The commonest indications were dysphagia and weight loss accounting for 64.7%. About half of the masses were located in the mid oesophagus, 50% were Squamous cell carcinoma, 8(23.5%) and Adenocarcinoma, 7(20.6%). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor was seen in only 2 (11.8%). Alcohol was not a recognized risk factor. Majority of the masses were located at the upper and mid oesophagus were squamous cell carcinoma and none was adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of the masses seen at the lower oesophagus were histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. The overall results were statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Oesophageal masses during the period of the study were seen among patients over the age of 41 years, male gender predominated, dysphagia and weight loss were the most common clinical presentations. Mid oesophagus accounted for the majority of the masses and squamous cell carcinoma the predominating histologic type. Adenocarcinoma was seen dominating the lower esophagus.

Background: While the transfusion of blood products does come with inherent risks, it should only be considered if it has the potential to improve the patient's outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reasons for blood transfusion and the results in a group of pregnant women from Sudan. Methodology: This study was a retrospective descriptive analysis of 138 pregnant women residing in El-Obeid, a city located in the northern Kordofan province of Sudan. Results: Most patients underwent blood transfusions primarily due to anemia, accounting for 59% of cases. Antepartum hemorrhage (APH), miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy accounted for 21%, 10%, and 7% of the cases, respectively. Out of the 138 women, 33% were primigravida, 53% were multipara, and 14% were grand multipara. Grandmultipara women predominantly showed anemia, with a prevalence rate of 68%. Primigravida women, with a prevalence rate of 61%, and multipara women, with a prevalence rate of 55%, came next. Miscarriage is most common among women who are pregnant for the first time, with a rate of 15%. Out of the 138 patients, a mere 1.4% of them died, while 5.7% encountered various problems. However, the remaining 92.7% of patients have demonstrated improvement and received their release. Conclusion: Anemia is a crucial factor in determining the need for blood transfusion in pregnant women, particularly after childbirth when postpartum hemorrhage may occur. Despite the ongoing conflict in Sudan posing challenges, the health system can still achieve positive results.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. And these Patients with a severe form of COVID-19 tend to have a high viral load. Objective: Identify biomarkers that show significant variation between different covid-19 viral load groups in T2DM patients in Pointe-Noire. Methods: We recruited a total of 206 participants for this study. Detailed information on age, gender, and health status of participants was collected from medical records. Biomarkers were quantified from blood samples and sars cov-2 virus was identified using the PCR technique on nasopharyngeal swabs. Viral load results were deduced from threshold cycles (CT) and subjects were grouped into two groups Ct < 25: Strong positive = High viral shedding and If Ct: 30 and 35 inclusive: Weak positive = Low viral shedding. Results: we found that fever (116/100%), Fatigue (115/99.1%), dyspnea (114/98.2%) and Cough (108/88.8%) were the most common signs in our population. study with high viral shedding. Non-survivors numbered 44 out of 46 for the same group. Biomarkers: CRP, ESR, CBC, GLY, HBA1c, DDI, Creat were significantly disrupted depending on viral load between non-survivors and survivors. Conclusion: This study showed that a high viral load was a source of disturbance of CRP, VS, CBC, GLY, HbA1c, DDI, Creat, signalling a poor prognosis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus poses a significant global health challenge, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) being particularly prevalent and on the rise, especially in low and middle-income countries. Liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), are vital indicators of liver health and metabolism, often showing elevated levels in individuals with diabetes. Despite the public health importance of this relationship, comprehensive research, especially in Bangladesh, remains limited. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating liver enzyme levels and their correlation with T2DM. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of elevated liver enzymes and their association with T2DM. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka from May to August 2023. The study included 192 participants with T2DM and an equal number of control participants without diabetes. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and GGT) were measured, and statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests. Results: The study found that persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) had significantly higher levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there was no substantial disparity in GGT levels seen between the two groups (p = 0.065). Individuals with T2DM had a considerably higher mean fasting blood glucose level compared to controls (p < 0.001). The liver function test results of the participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were substantially higher compared to the control group. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was 46.06 ± 22.38 IU/L and the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was 42.94 ± 19.08 IU/L, with a p-value of less than 0.001. However, there was no significant association between the gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level in both study groups, with a p-value of 0.065. Conclusion: Elevated levels of AST and ALT are common in individuals with T2DM, indicating potential liver dysfunction. Liver enzyme testing may serve as a valuable tool in the assessment and management of diabetes-related complications.

As the new era is changing dramatically, the presentation of Chinese image in literary works is one of the ways for the people of China to understand the international perspective. This paper takes the image of China portrayed in writer Amy Tan's work The Joy Luck Club as the main object of discussion, briefly describes the portrayal of Chinese image, and provides some references for people how to set up Chinese images and how to confirm their our identity in the context of the new era.

Background: There are conflicting reports on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters. Similarly, studies believe hemi-orchidectomy improves the function of the contralateral testis while others observed no differences in the function of the contralateral testis. But there is paucity of information on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals, and hence this study. Methods: Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were used for this study. The 20 male rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 (both testes, no coitus); group 2 (both testes, with coitus); group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) and group 4 (hemi-orchidectomized, with coitus). Each male rat in groups 2 and 4 was cohabited with 2 females for three months after two weeks of the orchidectomy. Animals were sacrificed and their cauda epididymis and right testes dissected out for assessment of relevant parameters. Results: The results shows that seminal fluid parameters were not significantly different among the groups. There were no significant differences in body and organ weights among the groups. Group 2 rats (both testes/coitus) had a significantly reduced sperm count (p<0.05) compared with group 1 (both testes, no coitus). Sperm count was also significantly lower in group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) than in group 1 (both testes, no coitus) (p<0.05). Sperm count was significantly increased in group 4 (hemi-orchidectomy, with coitus) compared with group 2. Conclusion: We conclude that coitus may reduce sperm count in normal rats but does not have effect on sperm parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals. However, orchidectomy increases sperm count in the contralateral testis.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental issue, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This research work focused on investigating the levels of heavy metals concentration in polyalthia longifolia. The metals analyzed include the following, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), Mercury (Hg) and Zinc (Zn) in the bark of polyalthia longifolia, the fresh bark samples were collected from Akwaka, Rivers-state. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the fresh bark samples for heavy metals. The results obtained for fresh bark were; Chromium (0.03mg/100g), Lead (0.05mg/100g), Sodium (3.80mg/100g), Arsenic (0.01mg/100g), Copper (0.23mg/100g), Iron (5.21mg/100g) Nickel (0.01mg/100), Aluminium (0.30mg/100g), Mercury (ND), Zinc (2.97mg/100g) and Calcium (3.80mg/100g). from the results obtained it has shown that mercury is not detected, the values of iron, sodium, and zinc are considerably significant and which contributes to the nutritional and medicinal importance of the plant in building of the cells as coenzymes and effective metabolic rate in the body system, the values of arsenic, lead and mercury show that the plants is less toxic and may not be harmful to the human system. The consumption of this plant can contribute good fibre, high energy content and will effectively reduce dangerous health risks, the results are generally within the permissible limit of World Health Organization. . For separation and identification of various components of the Polyathia Longifolia sample extract, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using 95% ethyl acetate and 5% ethanol as eluents. This gave three separation spots with Rf factors of 0.1, 0.025 and 0.075 respectively. Extraction of the Polyalthia Longifolia plant bark was carried out by steeping washed, air-dried and ground sample in n-hexane for 48 hours, which was then filtered and evaporated to dryness to obtain a thick black viscous liquid The plant is rich in minerals and is properly cultiivated in Nigeria. Continuous research on other areas of polyalthia longifolia, should be carried out regularly in the area.

Dysmenorrhoea with its co-morbidities are about the common gynaecological disorders among adolescent girls. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities are largely unreported and as a result, no national or international attention has been paid to it. This type of study has not been done in this part of the country. It therefore became necessary to evaluate the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities among adolescent girls in a tertiary institution in South South Nigeria and compare it with similar ones elsewhere. The cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured questionnaire that captured dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities. A total of one thousand students were used for the study. Our results show that 78.5% of respondents had dysmenorrhoea. 34.6% had irregular menstrual cycles, 33.3% had dysmenorrhoea from onset of menarche. Dysmenorrhoea interferes with daily routines in 60.3% of dysmenmorhoeics. Academic work and social live was affected in 72.5% and 66.2% of respondents respectively. There was a positive correlation between irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhoea. There was also a negative correlation between dysmenorrhoea and academic, social and other daily routines. We conclude that the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea is high in the tertiary Institution and is negatively correlated with academic, routine and social activities.

The Green synthesis method is proved to be one of the simplest and efficient ways for material synthesis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis method, with silver nitrate and green tea leaves as precursors. The sample is then characterized using versatile characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Particle size analyser (PSA). The PSA pattern has shown that the particles are pure. The surface morphology is obtained through SEM image and it has suggested that nano particles were aggregates. The nanoparticles have shown interactions between silver and oxygen atoms supported by Raman. Molecular docking is a pivotal computational technique widely used in drug discovery to predict the preferred orientation of a ligand as it binds to a receptor's active site. This approach is fundamental to understand molecular interactions at the atomic level, thereby facilitating the design of new drugs by high affinity and specificity. The process involves simulating the interaction between molecules to determine the optimal binding configuration, using algorithms that assess the binding energy and stability of the resulting complex.

The aim of this study is to find out the effect of phenylhydrazine on creatinine clearance, hence GFR and the relationship between GFR and aldosterone. Sixteen 16 male Wistar rats weighing 200 – 250 grams were randomly divided into four groups namely: Group 1 – Normal control Group 2 - Hematinic group (Fes): fed normal rat chow + tap water + ferrous sulphate (using an oral gavage at 75mg/kg bw); Group 3 - Anemic -treated group (AFes): administered Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) intraperitoneally for two consecutive days to induce anemia at a dose of 40mg/kg bw + normal rat chow + tap water + ferrous sulphate at 75mg/kg bw. Group 4 (Anu) – Anemic control group: administered Phenlyhydrazine (PHZ) intraperitoneally at a dose of 40mg/kg of bw + normal rat chow + tap water (as in group one). After 15 days, blood and urine samples were collected into sterile sample bottles for analysis. There was a significant (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05) increase in aldosterone levels between Anu, control, Fes and AFes respectively. There was a significant (P<0.001) decrease in control compared with Anu. There was also a significant (P<0.01, P<0.001) decrease in Fes with AFes and Anu. Anu creatinine clearance was also significantly (P<0.001) lower than AFes. Phenylhydrazine intoxication led to a reduction in creatinine clearance and an increase in aldosterone levels, confirming a negative correlation (r= 0.9956, P<0.01) between aldosterone and creatinine clearance. Also, ferrous sulphate tends to reduce the extent to which aldosterone levels increased hence narrowing the margine and or reducing the significance of the correlation.

Introduction: Planned full-term cesarean section is part of a set of priority targeted procedures due in particular to their frequency, the disparity of practices and a dynamic of increase. The decision on the mode of delivery (planned cesarean or natural delivery) is re-evaluated throughout the pregnancy depending on medical and obstetrical elements concerning the woman. The mode of delivery may ultimately be different from that initially planned. There has not been an evaluation of our indications for planned cesarean sections, hence the interest in initiating this work. Objective: Our aim was to determine the rate of planned cesarean section at term according to clinical practice recommendations. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective recruitment of files over a period of eighteen months, taking place from January 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024 in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the hospital. from Mali to Bamako. The target population was women seen in prenatal consultations during the study period. The inclusion criteria were all patients with an indication for planned cesarean section at our department during the study period. The non-inclusion criteria were indications for cesarean sections during labor in our department during the study period. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using SPSS software. The Pearson chi-square test as well as the Fisher exact test with a significance threshold of 5% (p ˂ 0.05) were used for the interpretation of the data. Results: Our cesarean section rate was 12.3% (n=64/520). The main indications were respectively multi-scarred uterus, diabetic macrosomia, scarred uterus + borderline pelvis, severe preeclampsia and pregnancy and immature pelvis with respectively 4%, 1.5%, 1.2%, 1.2% and 1.2%. At the end 12% (n=12/520) of primiparous women had undergone a cesarean section compared to 10% (n=52/520) of multiparous women. Conclusion: It is important to communicate internally with all professionals concerned for the decision-making of planned cesarean section, in order to choose the most appropriate mode of delivery while avoiding unjustified cesarean sections, thus reducing the number of scarred uteri linked to Cesarean section can cause multiple scarring of the uterus.

This research analyzes the weaknesses of the consumer protection for users of information technology-based funding services in indonesia currently and how to reconstruct the law based on justice value in a constructivism paradigm where the type of research method used is normative juridical and the specifications of this research have a prescriptive analytical nature with the approach used by the author being a statutory approach. The research results found that the the weaknesses of the Regulation of the Financial Services authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 10/POJK.05/2022 concerning Information Technology-Based funding Services and Reconstruction of improvements to the policy of POJK Regulation Number 10/POJK.05/2022 with the contents of SE OJK No.19/SEOJK.06/2023 and emphasize the requirements for the analysis of organizers to pay attention to the ability to pay as seen from evidence of the average consumer income to minimize default by being required to pass the SLIK data verification analysis and not exceeding 50% of the remaining income of prospective consumers. Therefore, the Reconstruction of POJK Regulations are in regard to the permission for online credit organizers to access consumer camera, location, and microphone applications that are only given when the consumer needs initial verification.

Introduction: Pregnancy is the period when the women is undergoes through physical and emotional changes. The physical changes can lead to impaired pelvic floor muscle strength and psychological changes in body. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of BMRT protocol on pelvic floor muscle and QOL among pregnant females. Method: A quasi experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of BMRT protocol on urinary incontinence and QOL among pregnant females. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit the participant in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. ICIQ-UI SF outcome measure was used to evaluate the status of urinary incontinence and QOL-GRAV-U scale was used to evaluate the QOL of pregnant females. Afte data collection statical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result: Total 113 females participated in the study. All the females received the treatment protocol and the pre-post intervention assessment was done and the finding of paired t test is showing the significant improvement in symptoms of urinary incontinence with the p value of 0.00. The combination of music therapy and breathing exercise was also effective to improve the quality of life with the p value of 0.00. Conclusion: The study concludes that BMRT protocol is effective to improve the urinary incontinence symptoms and quality of life among pregnant females.