Background: Sterilization is a fundamental component of infection control in dental practice, ensuring the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. However, conventional sterilization procedures are often associated with considerable energy consumption, water usage, and the generation of biomedical and plastic waste. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward environmentally sustainable healthcare practices, leading to the adoption of eco-friendly sterilization approaches in dental offices across the United States. Objective: This review aims to highlight current trends in eco-friendly sterilization practices in U.S. dental offices and discuss their potential benefits, challenges, and future implications for sustainable dental care. Discussion: Recent developments in sustainable sterilization include the use of energy-efficient autoclaves, reusable sterilization containers, environmentally safer disinfectants, digital sterilization monitoring systems, and resource-conserving strategies. These innovations seek to reduce the environmental footprint of dental practices while maintaining high standards of infection prevention and regulatory compliance. In addition to environmental benefits, eco-friendly sterilization measures may contribute to long-term cost savings, improved workplace safety, and enhanced patient perception of dental services. Nevertheless, widespread implementation remains influenced by several factors, including financial investment, limited awareness, staff training requirements, and concerns regarding the effectiveness and standardization of certain sustainable alternatives. Conclusion: Eco-friendly sterilization practices represent an important advancement toward sustainable dentistry. Continued technological innovation, professional education, and institutional support are essential to encourage broader adoption of environmentally responsible sterilization methods while preserving the effectiveness of infection control protocols in modern dental offices.

Background: Burnout has emerged as a critical occupational health crisis among healthcare professionals worldwide, with potentially severe consequences for patient safety, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. In Saudi Arabia, rapid healthcare expansion under Vision 2030 has created unprecedented workforce demands, yet the true burden of burnout across the healthcare workforce remains incompletely characterized. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of burnout among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library for studies published between 2023 and 2026. Studies were included if they employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs, assessed burnout using validated instruments, and focused on licensed healthcare professionals practicing in Saudi Arabia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. Results: Twenty-four cross-sectional studies comprising diverse healthcare professional groups were included. Alarmingly high burnout prevalence rates were documented, ranging from 56% among postgraduate trainees to 86% among emergency physicians, with community pharmacists reporting 83.6% personal burnout and respiratory therapists demonstrating 98% depersonalization rates. Consistently identified risk factors included prolonged working hours (>36-40 hours/week), night shifts, younger age, female gender, workplace harassment (aOR 1.57), discrimination (aOR 1.60), sales pressure among pharmacists (β=0.312), anxiety (OR 5.784), and low self-efficacy (OR 6.625). Protective factors included resilience (β=0.73), emotional intelligence (r=-0.41 to -0.33), job satisfaction, and supportive work environments. Most studies were rated as moderate (n=12) or low (n=8) risk of bias, with four studies rated as high risk. Conclusion: Burnout represents a significant and potentially escalating public health crisis among Saudi Arabian healthcare providers, with prevalence rates substantially exceeding global averages. Urgent multilevel interventions addressing both individual resilience and organizational reform are essential to protect healthcare worker well-being, ensure patient safety, and achieve the healthcare transformation goals of Saudi Vision 2030.

Background: Many of the vivid colours found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and even tea are caused by interesting natural substances called flavonoids. Because they appear to provide mild, protective effects that assist our systems in daily ways, these plant-made compounds have become a hot issue in research and health. Flavonoids shield plants from oxidative stress, illnesses, UV rays, and herbivores. E. neriifolia, or Euphorbia neriifolia. There are several ethnomedical applications for E. neriifolia. In addition to treating whooping cough, gonorrhea, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, tumors, bladder stones, gastrointestinal issues, and leucoderma, the latex of E. neriifolia is used as a laxative, purgative, rubefacient, carminative, and expectorant. Brittle, hot, carminative, and useful for treating bronchial infections, tumors, aches, inflammations, and stomach swellings, leaves also improve appetite. The goal of the current study was to identify and isolate the unique flavonoid found in Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Methodology: Extracts showing presence of flavonoids will be subjected to column chromatography for further separation of individual compounds. Further characterization of isolated compound was carried out by chromatographic and spectral analysis. Result: Based on current finding the compound C1 was identified as quercetin, a flavanol compound containing phenolic hydroxyl group and conjugated aromatic rings. Conclusion: The present study successfully isolated and characterized flavonoid compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia using chromatographic and spectral techniques.

This paper examines traceability and compliance monitoring systems in global apparel supply chains through a structured stage-wise evaluation framework. The analysis focuses on supplier documentation, product traceability records, compliance checkpoints, and exception visibility across sourcing, production, inspection, warehousing, and distribution. Five analytical variables are used in the study: document completeness, traceability continuity, checkpoint coverage, exception visibility, and compliance response status. Two evaluation measures summarize system performance: the Traceability Coverage Ratio (TCR) and the Compliance Monitoring Effectiveness Index (CMEI). The results show that upstream stages, especially supplier qualification and sourcing, maintain stronger documentation and more continuous traceability links. In contrast, warehouse and distribution stages show weaker linkage, lower monitoring coverage, and reduced visibility of exceptions. The findings indicate that the main problem is not the absence of records, but the weak connection among records across supply chain stages. Fragmented data structures reduce visibility, weaken accountability, and limit compliance review. The paper presents a structured method for assessing traceability systems and identifies key gaps in cross stage integration within apparel supply chains.

The hallmark of every nation, developed or developing, is sustainable development. Sustainable development is an emerging field of study concerned with development, which considers not only the present generation but also the future generation. It envisages economic development that does not compromise the capability or integrity of the environment in the sustainance of life, plants and animals as well as the ecosystem. Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is faced with environmental problems such as deforestation, erosion, flooding and desertification. These problems emanate from human activities created in the quest to achieve a higher level of development. The objective of this study is to examine how the environment can be protected to further the goals of sustainable development and examine the impacts of human activities on the environment and the implications on sustainable development. The study is doctrinal and the data are obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are statutes, Federal and State, International Conventions, Protocols and Agreements as well as judicial pronouncement. The secondary sources include textbooks, journals, newspapers and materials sourced from the internet. The study revealed that the environment in Nigeria is confronted with many challenges that should be addressed by law without which the goals of sustainable development are a mirage. The study concluded that Nigeria has, in fact, established and implemented a wide range of clearly defined, comprehensive and environmentally-friendly policies that are sustainable and enforceable. However, enforcement drive is very weak in Nigeria. It is recommended that any limitation placed on The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act be removed and more authority be given to the body on all environmental law enforcement.

Background: Short dental implants (≤6 mm) are increasingly used for posterior rehabilitation in patients with limited alveolar bone height. This review examines their survival rates, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implantitis, and technical/prosthetic complications compared with standard-length implants. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms included 'short dental implants', 'posterior edentulism', 'survival rates', 'marginal bone loss', 'peri-implantitis', and 'bone augmentation'. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective and retrospective clinical studies published between 2018 and 2024 were included. Studies were selected based on implant intrabony length of ≤6 mm, a minimum follow-up of 12 months, and reporting of at least one primary outcome. Results: Evidence from a meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (408 short implants; 475 standard-length implants) demonstrates statistically higher survival rates for longer implants (99.4% vs. 95.1%; 95% CI: 2–5%, p < 0.001), though no significant difference was found in early or late implant failure rates. MBL was marginally but non-significantly lower for short implants (0.23 mm vs. 0.27 mm). Peri-implantitis prevalence (0–6% vs. 0–13%) and technical/prosthetic complication rates were comparable between groups. Crown-to-implant ratios of 1.55–1.86 in short implants did not translate to elevated complication rates when prostheses were splinted. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 RCTs confirmed equivalent survival at all follow-up intervals without the need for bone augmentation. Conclusions: Short dental implants represent a valid, minimally invasive alternative to bone augmentation in appropriately selected patients. Optimal outcomes depend on modern nano-structured implant surfaces, adequate prosthetic splinting, bone quality assessment, and rigorous peri-implant maintenance. Further long-term RCTs with standardized peri-implantitis criteria are needed.

Artificial intelligence is reshaping chemical research by linking high-dimensional analytical signals with molecular, biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical information. This review synthesizes literature from 2018–2026 on chemometrics, machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, transformers, foundation models, multimodal learning, and generative systems. It examines data obtained from spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, hyperspectral imaging, process monitoring, molecular descriptors, fingerprints, SMILES, graphs, three-dimensional structures, proteins, and omics. Environmental applications include contaminant detection and quantification, suspect and non-target screening, source attribution, fate and transport prediction, ecotoxicity assessment, wastewater-treatment evaluation, and ecological-risk prioritization. Pharmaceutical applications encompass raw-material authentication, quality control, impurity profiling, formulation and drug-delivery optimization, continuous manufacturing, real-time release testing, virtual screening, molecular design, and ADMET prediction. Across both domains, AI improves nonlinear pattern recognition, structure–signal translation, candidate ranking, and multi-objective optimization; however, sophisticated models do not consistently outperform well-designed chemometric approaches, particularly with small or biased datasets. Major barriers include class imbalance, limited chemical diversity, data leakage, instrument variability, missing metadata, weak external validation, poor uncertainty calibration, limited interpretability, and regulatory concerns. Future progress requires FAIR multimodal datasets, independent validation, applicability-domain analysis, explainable and uncertainty-aware models, digital twins, federated learning, autonomous laboratories, human oversight, and sustainable computing for trustworthy scientific deployment.

This study investigated the nutritional, energetic, and mineralogical implications of replacing conventional maize with underutilized agro-industrial by-products in livestock rations. A 100% maize control diet (MFF) was evaluated against three experimental diets where maize was replaced at a 50% inclusion level with Irish potato peel meal (MPF), yam peel meal (MYF), or cassava peel meal (MCF). The partial substitution preserved total organic matter density across all formulations (>90%). However, the higher concentration of structural non-starch polysaccharides inherent to root and tuber epicarps significantly reduced carbohydrate and caloric delivery (p < 0.05). Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) decreased from 47.42% (control) to 38.92% (MYF), 38.05% (MCF), and 35.47% (MPF). The reduction in digestible carbohydrates led to a decrease in calculated metabolizable energy (ME) profiles, which fell from 10.43 MJ/kg (MFF) to 9.62 MJ/kg (MYF), 9.50 MJ/kg (MPF), and 8.72 MJ/kg (MCF) due to the dilution of physical fiber. Conversely, the incorporation of tuber wastes resulted in a substantial natural increase in the concentration of essential minerals. Potassium accumulated significantly in MPF (0.97%) and MYF (0.53%), while calcium surged from 28.47% (control) to peaks of 68.67% (MPF) and 65.63% (MYF). Magnesium uniformly exceeded 81% across all test groups, alongside prominent accumulations of iron and zinc. However, phosphorus was significantly depressed in the cassava peel group (MCF: 9.37%), altering optimal dietary Ca/P ratios. Ultimately, replacing 50% of maize with root crop by-products offers a viable strategy for maintaining organic matter stability and enhancing mineral content, as long as targeted micronutrient balancing is applied for sustainable feed production.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation, remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally, with Bangladesh reporting one of the highest prevalence rates worldwide. Zinc, an essential trace element involved in immune regulation, oxidative stress modulation and hormonal balance, has been hypothesized to influence gestational duration. This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal serum zinc level and preterm birth. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), (former BSMMU), Dhaka, from September 2022 to August 2023. Sixty pregnant women aged 18–40 years, at 28 to <42 weeks of gestation, presenting in spontaneous labour with intact membranes and delivering a live singleton baby, were enrolled. Thirty women who delivered before 37 completed weeks constituted the cases, while 30 women with term deliveries served as controls. Serum zinc levels were measured using a colourimetric method on a Thermo Scientific™ Indiko™ Plus Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Results: Maternal serum zinc was significantly lower in the case group (68.13 ±32.73 mcg/dL) compared to controls (102.41 ±60.97 mcg/dL) (p=0.009). Women with zinc levels below 68 mcg/dL had 4.7 times higher odds of preterm birth than those with levels ≥68 mcg/dL (OR=4.667; 95% CI=1.571–13.866; p=0.001). Socio-demographic, obstetric and anthropometric variables did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Low maternal serum zinc level was significantly associated with preterm birth. Serum zinc estimation may serve as a potential predictor for preterm birth risk and supports consideration of routine zinc supplementation during antenatal care.

Background: Prolonged labour remains a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. Delayed recognition and referral often lead to adverse outcomes. This study was undertaken to analyze the etiological factors of prolonged labour and evaluate its maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, from June to December 2009. A total of 110 purposively selected pregnant women with prolonged labour (labour pain >18 hours) were enrolled. Data were collected through interviews, clinical examination, and record review. Results: The majority of patients were primigravida (62.7%) and aged 21–30 years (57.27%). Most had no ANC (60%) and belonged to low socioeconomic backgrounds (69.09%). Uterine hypotonicity was the leading cause (45%), followed by malposition (22.72%). Caesarean section was required in 60.50% of cases. Maternal complications occurred in 65%, with PPH (20%) and puerperal sepsis (14.54%) being most common. Perinatal complications included asphyxia (13.63%), umbilical sepsis (10%), and stillbirth (6.36%). Barriers to early hospital admission included reliance on midwives (31%), TBAs (18.18%), and poor economic conditions (20%). Conclusion: Prolonged labour is associated with substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity. Strengthening ANC, improving referral systems, training birth attendants, and ensuring timely access to emergency obstetric care are essential to improve outcomes.

Background: The oral approach to medication administration remains highly preferred due to its convenience and improved patient compliance compared to parenteral methods. Oral controlled-delivery systems maintain consistent therapeutic drug levels, thereby maximizing safety and reducing side effects. Among these, matrix sustained-release tablets are highly favored for their manufacturing simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to dose dumping. Objective: This research aimed to develop and optimize sustained-release matrix tablets of Diltiazem Hydrochloride—a calcium channel blocker for hypertension and angina characterized by a short elimination half-life (3.5 hours) and low bioavailability (30–40%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism—using the natural biopolymers Tamarind gum and Cassia roxburghii gum as release modifiers. Methods: Preformulation Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to evaluate drug-polymer compatibility. Powder blends were characterized for flow properties prior to compression. The formulated tablets were evaluated for physical parameters per official Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) standards, alongside in-vitro dissolution testing. Results: FTIR spectra revealed no chemical interactions between the drug and the natural gums. The powder blends exhibited favorable flow properties, with an angle of repose between 25° and 33° and a Carr's Index ranging from 9.0 to 19.0. All compressed tablets met IP specifications for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation, DH13, successfully prolonged drug release, achieving a maximum dissolution of 99.94% at 12 hours. Kinetic modeling indicated that the release mechanism strictly adhered to the Higuchi model, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.980). Furthermore, accelerated stability testing (40 °C±2°C 75 ± 5%) of the optimized DH13 batch over 30 days showed no significant changes in physical appearance, chemical content, or dissolution profiles. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the optimized natural polymer-based matrix tablet (DH13) provides a robust, stable, and highly reproducible 12-hour sustained-release profile suitable for the effective oral administration of Diltiazem Hydrochloride.

Background: Effective communication is an essential element of effective healthcare team and patient safety. Global research emphasises the need of effective communication for patient safety and nurse satisfaction, however language obstacles and hierarchical structures continue to impair Saudi Arabian healthcare environments. Previous studies have examined communication and safety culture independently, with limited evidence of studies that explore the relationship between nurses’ communication satisfaction and their perceptions of patient safety culture within Saudi operating theaters. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between nurses’ communication satisfaction and culture of safety among operating theatre nurses in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Research Design & Setting: A cross-sectional correlational design was used to conduct this study in a military tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A convenience sampling method was used to sample a total of 116 participants operating theatres in the hospital. Methods & Materials: Data collected using two validated instruments: the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) to examine how communication satisfaction affects patient safety culture. Analysis: analysis conducted through SPSS using descriptive statistics, repeated-measures ANOVA, t-tests, and Pearson correlation. While One Way ANOVA used for data scoring, Cronbach’s Alpha used to assess the reliability coefficient. Results: Showed a Pearson correlation of r = 0.206 with p < 0.05, showing a weak but statistically significant relationship. In organizational and healthcare research, these findings suggest a significant association, even when the strength is ordinary. This positive correlation means that as communication satisfaction increases, nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture also improve. Conclusion: A significant positive correlation is found between overall satisfaction and overall patient safety perception. The findings consistently highlight communication as a central component of a strong and healthy safety culture.

Meningitis remains a public health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Meningococcal meningitis is a contagious disease causing more number of deaths particularly in Sub-Saharan African region. Climate change remains the major threat to public health worldwide. This study aims at evaluating the association between the incidence of meningococcal meningitis and the diurnal temperature and humidity variability in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A longitudinal spatiotemporal epidemiological design was adopted in this study. The population of this study includes households located within the ecological zones and residents of the study area. A total of 213 participants were selected using multistage sampling technique. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and observation checklists. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS. The association between the incidence of meningococcal meningitis and the diurnal temperature variability and humidity was examined by correlation analysis. The results showed that most of the respondents (24.88 %) were aged between 30 and 34. The percentage of male and female respondents was 33.80 % and 66.20 %, respectively. It was observed that almost all the respondents (96.24 %) attended tertiary education. Most of the participants (63.85 %) in this study were living in urban areas. During dry season, more than half (53.05 %) of the respondents experienced high temperatures in their areas. Majority of the respondents (88.73 %) indicated that heat increased during certain months in their areas. According to more than half of the respondents (53.99 %) the humidity level in their areas is low. The occurrence and incidence of meningococcal meningitis was significantly associated with increase diurnal temperature and low humidity in the study area.

Organizations are recognizing the potential of workforce diversity as a source of innovation more and more but empirical evidence on this connection is torn. This paper is an analysis of the role of demographic, cognitive, and experiential diversity in determining the outcome of innovations, and the role of the climate of inclusion in affecting the same. The study is a quantitative study that relies on a complete use of secondary data to draw the conclusions as a result of the theories of management of performance within a team and the sociological approach to identity and group interaction. They have collected data based on the publicly available annual reports, sustainability reports, and human-resources disclosures of ten medium and large companies operating in the technology, manufacturing, and service sectors. Diversity ratios, education diversity index, experiential diversity, inclusion rating, patents, research and development expenditures, number of new products were obtained. The relationships were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlations and simple regression equations. Findings show that there are positive relationships between cognitive and experiential diversity and innovation indicators but demographic diversity has a positive relationship with innovation only when accompanied with high inclusion scores. These results support the claim that diversity is not enough and should be followed by an inclusive climate that allows sharing the knowledge and participating in the activities equally. The research adds a fairly easy yet significant piece of evidence to the workforce diversity research, as it allows managers and researchers to gain insights into the use of diversity at work in order to be innovative.

This study evaluated the youth football development program at Seyegan United Football School in Sleman, Indonesia, using the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation model. It addresses the limited evaluation of youth football development programs at the local football school level, particularly within the Indonesian context. An evaluative qualitative design with a descriptive-inductive approach was employed, involving 15 participants: three administrators, three coaches, and nine athletes. Data collection methods included observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, with analysis conducted using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The findings indicate that the context and input components were sufficient, the process component was good, and the product component was very good. These results demonstrate that the program has established a clear organizational foundation, sufficient human resources and facilities, structured training implementation, and positive competitive outcomes. Nevertheless, the program continues to face challenges related to funding limitations, administrative capacity, stakeholder support, athlete discipline, and achieving long-term performance targets. In conclusion, the program has shown positive progress; however, its sustainability will require stronger institutional support, broader collaboration, and more systematic monitoring and evaluation.