The fast usage of Internet of Things (IoT) device in industrial and consumer settings has dramatically expanded on the attack surface of embedded systems. This paper explores firmware security through reverse engineering and analysis of a firmware image of an IoT style with two open-source tools: Binwalk and Ghidra. An artificial representation of the structure of typical Linux-based IoT firmware was produced by a controlled firmware image which had a SquashFS file system and compiled binaries. Embedded file systems and binaries were extracted using Binwalk and Ghidra was used to do the static analysis and decompilation of extracted executable files. The vulnerability analysis showed that there are a number of deliberately introduced security flaws such as hard-coded credentials, unsecured input handling functions and insecure configuration practices. The success of the method was shown by the successful recovery of the firmware filesystem and detection of these types of vulnerabilities with the help of the strict reverse-engineering tool. The paper shows the possible contribution of open-source tools to the analysis of firmware-level vulnerabilities and enhancing security testing of embedded IoT systems.

Background: Conventional approaches to sustainable development have been criticized for their technocratic orientation and limited engagement with the knowledge systems embedded in culture. The orientation toward relational well-being, ecological care, and ethical coexistence with nature is the foundation of indigenous epistemologies developed through long-term relationships with the environment. North India alone has thousands of communities with a rich culture of indigenous knowledge that has traditionally underpinned sustainable resource management, but is now marginalized by modern development and conservation policies. The Bhil, Gaddi, Bhotia, and Van Gujjar are only some of them. Objective of the study: To analyze the interrelationship and connection between indigenous epistemology and the concept of sustainable development. Method: The research will be conducted as a meta-analytical study grounded in anthropological and development research. It is based on secondary literature (e.g., ethnographic case studies and policy literature). It uses a comparative framework to examine indigenous knowledge practices, their interactions with formal development projects, and the institutional and ethical contexts that shape these interactions. Findings: The findings indicate that knowledge can be mixed in different ways, including integration, parallel use, adaptation, and co-management. Although these processes lead to synergies, e.g., improved healthcare, enhanced conservation, and community-based governance of ecosystems, they also expose tensions arising from power asymmetries, limited policies, and the loss of intergenerational knowledge. This paper concludes that context-specific, rights-based, and participatory approaches play a pivotal role in achieving culturally grounded, environmentally friendly, sustainable development.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in modern orthodontics, redefining conventional diagnostic and therapeutic workflows through digital integration and predictive analytics. The incorporation of machine learning, deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and computer vision into orthodontic practice has significantly improved the accuracy of cephalometric landmark identification, malocclusion classification, treatment simulation, aligner therapy planning, and remote patient monitoring. Digital orthodontics, supported by intraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), three-dimensional imaging, and cloud-based systems, has created a robust data-driven ecosystem that facilitates AI-assisted clinical decision-making. AI-based software systems are increasingly capable of reducing operator variability, minimizing human error, and improving clinical efficiency while enabling personalized orthodontic care. Furthermore, teleorthodontics and AI-enabled remote monitoring systems have expanded patient accessibility and compliance tracking. Despite these advancements, important concerns remain regarding algorithm transparency, ethical considerations, data privacy, medico-legal accountability, and clinician dependency on automated systems. Current evidence suggests that AI should function as an adjunctive clinical tool rather than a replacement for professional judgment. The present review comprehensively discusses the evolution, applications, advantages, limitations, ethical implications, and future prospects of artificial intelligence in digital orthodontics. The article highlights the growing role of AI in precision orthodontics and emphasizes the need for standardized validation and responsible clinical integration.

Background: Actinomycosis is an uncommon, chronic, granulomatous disease that can be mistaken for a malignant tumor. Abdominopelvic actinomycosis constitutes about 20% of all actinomycosis cases and may mimic malignancy, tuberculosis, or other abdominopelvic inflammatory diseases. This condition is more prevalent in women who use an intrauterine device. We report the case of a 38 year old female, known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a down 3 year history of right sided abdominal pain and discomfort, weight loss with a previous history of intrauterine device for 5 years she has undergone evaluation for her complaints at multiple times in a peripheral health care centers with colonoscopy and mucosal biopsies and treated for inflammatory bowel disease. CECT Enterogram showed wall thickening involving the IC junction and medial wall of caecum and she undergone laprotomy and right hemicolectomy. Histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens showed actinomycosis in the caecal wall. The findings were immediately informed to the clinician and advised for a prompt further evaluation and management.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of MetS has risen worldwide due to sedentary lifestyles, urbanization, and dietary changes. Early identification of its clinical characteristics and predictors in hospital-based populations is important for effective prevention, timely diagnosis, and appropriate management of associated health complications. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of metabolic syndrome among adults attending a hospital-based healthcare facility. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Ibn Sina Diagnostic & Consultation Center, Uttara, from June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 226 adult participants were included. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, clinical measurements, and laboratory records. Variables included age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among 226 participants, the mean age was 42.6 ± 11.8 years, with 56.6% males. Metabolic syndrome was present in 86 (38.1%) individuals. The highest prevalence occurred in the 41–50 years group (30.2%). Overweight and obesity were observed in 40.7% and 24.8% respectively. Hypertension affected 51.3% participants. Abdominal obesity (46.0%) and low HDL (41.6%) were common components. Smoking (30.1%) and physical inactivity (68.1%) were notable lifestyle risk factors.

Environmental monitoring requires rapid and stable methods for detecting chemical contaminants in water and air systems. Optical biosensor platforms offer a practical sensing approach because they convert molecular interactions into measurable optical signal changes, including absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence, and refractive index variation. This paper evaluates the performance of optical biosensor platforms for environmental contaminant detection under controlled laboratory conditions. The study focuses on two performance measures: detection sensitivity and measurement stability. Laboratory experiments used blank, low concentration, and higher-concentration exposure conditions, and the resulting optical signals were examined through baseline comparison, normalized response analysis, and repeatability assessment. The results showed stable baseline signals and clear response shifts after contaminant exposure. Low-concentration samples remained distinguishable from blank conditions, while higher concentrations produced stronger optical variation. Repeated measurements also showed acceptable consistency across exposure levels. These findings indicate that optical biosensor platforms can support low-level environmental contaminant detection when signal response and stability are evaluated together. The study presents a structured framework for assessing optical biosensor suitability in environmental monitoring applications.

The rapid growth of packaging consumption has increased waste generation and placed pressure on existing waste management systems. Current research often treats packaging design, material selection, and recycling processes as separate domains, which limits effectiveness in practical settings. This study aims to develop a system level framework that connects sustainable packaging design with waste management processes across the full lifecycle. The proposed framework integrates material selection, production, logistics, consumption, and recovery stages within a unified structure. It incorporates a feedback mechanism in which waste system performance informs design decisions, supporting continuous adjustment based on observed conditions. Lifecycle mapping and performance evaluation are used to examine interactions among system components and to assess the impact of design choices on recovery efficiency and environmental outcomes. The results show that packaging systems achieve higher recovery rates, lower contamination levels, and improved material compatibility when design parameters reflect waste processing capabilities and user behavior patterns. The study also identifies the role of stakeholder coordination in improving system performance. The framework provides a structured method for evaluating and improving packaging systems within practical constraints and offers a basis for decision-making in sustainable packaging design and waste management integration.

Large scale urban infrastructure projects such as metro systems, tunnels, highways, and bridges require strict quality management during construction. These projects often involve complex subsurface conditions, dense urban surroundings, and multiple construction activities occurring simultaneously. Quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and geotechnical monitoring therefore remain central components of construction supervision. Conventional monitoring practices rely on inspection reports, laboratory testing records, and field instrumentation systems that often operate within separate information platforms. This separation restricts coordinated evaluation of construction quality and ground behavior during project execution. This study presents a Digital Twin enabled Geo-BIM framework for integrated QA, QC, and geotechnical compliance monitoring in urban infrastructure construction. The proposed framework links geotechnical investigation data, monitoring sensors, QA inspection documentation, and QC testing results within a unified digital environment. A Geotechnical Compliance Index (GCI) model is introduced to evaluate construction conditions and identify zones requiring inspection attention. The framework was examined through a simulation scenario representing common urban infrastructure construction activities. Results indicate that the integrated system supports continuous monitoring, automated compliance evaluation, and inspection prioritization based on geotechnical performance. The proposed framework provides a structured digital approach for managing construction quality and subsurface monitoring in complex infrastructure projects.

Introduction: Miliary tuberculosis represents one of the most severe and life-threatening forms of tuberculosis. It is characterized by widespread hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of miliary tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study over a two-year period, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Medical records of patients hospitalized for miliary tuberculosis in the Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology at Moulay Youssef University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 43 years, with a male predominance (64%). A history of tuberculosis was found in 2 patients, and recent close contact with a tuberculosis case was identified in 5 patients. Four cases of miliary tuberculosis occurred following immunosuppressive therapy, including 3 patients who had previously received preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment. The clinical presentation was dominated by fever, night sweats, general condition deterioration, dyspnea, and cough. Extra-respiratory manifestations were observed in 17% of cases. Typical radiological findings were present in 91% of patients, while sputum smear microscopy was positive in 15%. Anti-tuberculosis treatment based on a four-drug regimen (ERIPK4) was initiated urgently in most cases. Complications occurred in 11 patients, including disease-related and treatment-related complications. The in-hospital case fatality rate was 17.7%. Conclusion: Miliary tuberculosis remains a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-tuberculosis therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes.

This study examined how well monetary policy tools worked in helping Nigeria to achieving its inflation targets from 1981-2023. To achieve this, the study collected data on inflation rate, monetary policy rate, broad money supply, exchange rate, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product from reports by Nigeria's central bank and the World Bank. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag - ARDL technique was used as the main tool of analysis. The findings from this method showed that there is a long-term relationship between the different factors studied. In the long run, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and lending interest rate had a negative but not strong connection with inflation rate. On the other hand, exchange rate and real gross domestic product showed a positive but not strong relationship with inflation rate. In the short term, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and exchange rates had a positive and strong link with inflation. Meanwhile, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product had a negative and strong link with inflation rate. Based on the findings, this study concluded that in Nigeria, inflation is highly sensitive to monetary expansion, interest rate adjustments, and exchange rate movements, but the effects are inflation-enhancing rather than stabilizing highlighting the need for a more coordinated and structurally grounded monetary policy framework rather than relying on MPR adjustments alone. From a policy standpoint, the study recommended amongst others that broad money supply growth must be carefully controlled to avoid liquidity-driven inflation. The central bank should continue to use lending rate adjustments as an effective short-run inflation control tool, but with caution to avoid credit starvation in the economy. Inflation targeting should be complemented with policies that expand real output (RGDP), since growth itself helps reduce inflationary pressures.

Clear cell variants of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are extremely uncommon. Identification, accurate diagnosis and deciding appropriate therapy for such variants are of clinical significance as they have aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. A 54 years old male patient presented to emergency room (ER) on March, 2023 with history of gross painless hematuria and urine frequency for the past two weeks. Pre and postcontrast CT scan images from the patient’s initial assessment were performed and showed mass-like wall thickening of the urinary bladder wall at the trigone. Cystoscopy revealed a bulging bladder lesion on the trigone of the bladder, followed by complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) accordingly, complete resection was done. Histopathologically, the morphology and submitted immunostain slides showed strong positivity for CK7 and P63 which favor the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma, clear cell subtype, the carcinoma extensively invades lamina propria and the carcinoma extensively invades muscularis propria.

Background: Suicide is the leading cause of unnatural death worldwide. Over the past five decades, there has been noticeable increase in suicide rates around the globe. The pattern of suicide fatalities in a particular community is reflected in the relationship between an individual's mental health and social status. Suicide is influenced by a wide range of cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as quality of life of an individual. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics and trends of suicidal deaths at a Tertiary Health Center in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study covered all suicidal deaths that occurred between 2022 to 2024. In all cases, a complete post-mortem examination was performed and findings were recorded. Details of all suicidal deaths regarding age, gender, religion, marital status and mode of death were duly documented. Results: A total of 446 cases were evaluated, of them 208 were male and 238 were female. Maximum (44.11%) cases were in 21-30 years age group followed by 42.01% were in 11-20 years age group then 8.82% were in 31-40 years age group. Regarding the marital status majority (65.02%) of the cases were married in both genders. Among the study cases hanging (64.13%) was the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning (35.87%). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that suicidal deaths are prevalent among females and married individuals. Adolescent and young adults are vulnerable to suicidal deaths. Hanging is the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning. To lower suicide rates particularly in adolescent and young adults, a well-designed comprehensive program is required that will identify the causative factors and may aid in suicide prevention.

This paper examines how gender assessment can function as a reparative justice instrument for addressing historical injustices in land governance, using South Sudan and Nigeria as comparative case studies. It argues that women’s exclusion from land ownership, control, and inheritance is not merely a technical policy failure but a historically produced form of structural inequality rooted in colonial legacies, patriarchal customary systems, and weak enforcement of gender-responsive laws. Drawing on feminist theory, intersectionality, and legal pluralism, the study analyses how formal legal equality often coexists with persistent discriminatory practices that undermine women’s land rights in both contexts. In South Sudan, post-conflict instability, displacement, and fragile institutions deepen women’s tenure insecurity, especially for widows, returnees, and female-headed households. In Nigeria, legal pluralism, customary patriarchy, and unequal access to land administration continue to constrain women’s property rights despite statutory reforms. The paper contends that gender assessment should move beyond diagnostic compliance toward a reparative framework centered on recognition, redistribution, restitution, representation, and transformation. It concludes that meaningful land justice in Africa requires not only legal reform, but also institutional accountability, community-level norm change, and gender-responsive governance.

Reverse engineering is a foundational technique in cybersecurity that enables analysts to study executable software without access to its source code in order to understand program logic, functionality, and potential security weaknesses. As malicious software and complex applications continue to evolve rapidly, the ability to accurately analyze binary executables has become essential for malware detection, vulnerability assessment, and incident response. This research presents a comprehensive experimental study of both static and dynamic reverse engineering techniques applied to Linux executables within a controlled Kali Linux environment. A sample executable was deliberately developed to mimic real-world application behavior and security-related scenarios. Static analysis was performed without executing the program, employing file identification tools, string extraction methods, and binary disassembly to investigate the executable’s structure, embedded data, and instruction flow. Dynamic analysis involved running the program in a monitored environment and observing runtime behavior through system call tracing, library function monitoring, and interactive debugging. These approaches facilitated a thorough examination of how the executable interacts with the operating system, processes user input, and manages program execution flow. The experimental results show that static analysis offers quick insights into binary composition and potential indicators of sensitive data, whereas dynamic analysis uncovers real-time behavior, functional logic, and hidden execution paths that may be missed by static review alone. Employing both methods in tandem enhances analytical accuracy, reduces the likelihood of incorrect assumptions, and improves the interpretation of software behavior. This study underscores the practical value of reverse engineering techniques for strengthening cybersecurity operations, advancing malware investigation capabilities, and supporting secure software development practices.

Malocclusion is a highly prevalent developmental condition in children and adolescents and represents one of the most frequent reasons for referral from primary dental care to orthodontic services [1, 2]. General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), particularly newly qualified dentists, often face uncertainty when assessing malocclusion severity, determining the optimal timing of referral, and establishing eligibility for National Health Service (NHS) orthodontic treatment [11, 12]. This uncertainty may result in delayed referral of high-risk cases or inappropriate referral of children with minimal treatment need, placing unnecessary pressure on specialist services [13]. This narrative review proposes a stepwise orthodontic referral ladder, translating the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) into a clinically intuitive and structured decision-making framework. The model classifies malocclusion from mild to severe, incorporates red-flag conditions requiring early or urgent referral, integrates optimal age for referral, and aligns with UK NHS commissioning and British Orthodontic Society guidance [18–20]. The framework aims to provide GDPs and new graduates with a clear, defensible, and patient-centred reference scale to support consistent orthodontic referral decisions and improve outcomes for children.