Background: Short dental implants (≤6 mm) are increasingly used for posterior rehabilitation in patients with limited alveolar bone height. This review examines their survival rates, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implantitis, and technical/prosthetic complications compared with standard-length implants. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms included 'short dental implants', 'posterior edentulism', 'survival rates', 'marginal bone loss', 'peri-implantitis', and 'bone augmentation'. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective and retrospective clinical studies published between 2018 and 2024 were included. Studies were selected based on implant intrabony length of ≤6 mm, a minimum follow-up of 12 months, and reporting of at least one primary outcome. Results: Evidence from a meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (408 short implants; 475 standard-length implants) demonstrates statistically higher survival rates for longer implants (99.4% vs. 95.1%; 95% CI: 2–5%, p < 0.001), though no significant difference was found in early or late implant failure rates. MBL was marginally but non-significantly lower for short implants (0.23 mm vs. 0.27 mm). Peri-implantitis prevalence (0–6% vs. 0–13%) and technical/prosthetic complication rates were comparable between groups. Crown-to-implant ratios of 1.55–1.86 in short implants did not translate to elevated complication rates when prostheses were splinted. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 RCTs confirmed equivalent survival at all follow-up intervals without the need for bone augmentation. Conclusions: Short dental implants represent a valid, minimally invasive alternative to bone augmentation in appropriately selected patients. Optimal outcomes depend on modern nano-structured implant surfaces, adequate prosthetic splinting, bone quality assessment, and rigorous peri-implant maintenance. Further long-term RCTs with standardized peri-implantitis criteria are needed.

Artificial intelligence is reshaping chemical research by linking high-dimensional analytical signals with molecular, biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical information. This review synthesizes literature from 2018–2026 on chemometrics, machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, transformers, foundation models, multimodal learning, and generative systems. It examines data obtained from spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, hyperspectral imaging, process monitoring, molecular descriptors, fingerprints, SMILES, graphs, three-dimensional structures, proteins, and omics. Environmental applications include contaminant detection and quantification, suspect and non-target screening, source attribution, fate and transport prediction, ecotoxicity assessment, wastewater-treatment evaluation, and ecological-risk prioritization. Pharmaceutical applications encompass raw-material authentication, quality control, impurity profiling, formulation and drug-delivery optimization, continuous manufacturing, real-time release testing, virtual screening, molecular design, and ADMET prediction. Across both domains, AI improves nonlinear pattern recognition, structure–signal translation, candidate ranking, and multi-objective optimization; however, sophisticated models do not consistently outperform well-designed chemometric approaches, particularly with small or biased datasets. Major barriers include class imbalance, limited chemical diversity, data leakage, instrument variability, missing metadata, weak external validation, poor uncertainty calibration, limited interpretability, and regulatory concerns. Future progress requires FAIR multimodal datasets, independent validation, applicability-domain analysis, explainable and uncertainty-aware models, digital twins, federated learning, autonomous laboratories, human oversight, and sustainable computing for trustworthy scientific deployment.

The hallmark of every nation, developed or developing, is sustainable development. Sustainable development is an emerging field of study concerned with development, which considers not only the present generation but also the future generation. It envisages economic development that does not compromise the capability or integrity of the environment in the sustainance of life, plants and animals as well as the ecosystem. Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is faced with environmental problems such as deforestation, erosion, flooding and desertification. These problems emanate from human activities created in the quest to achieve a higher level of development. The objective of this study is to examine how the environment can be protected to further the goals of sustainable development and examine the impacts of human activities on the environment and the implications on sustainable development. The study is doctrinal and the data are obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are statutes, Federal and State, International Conventions, Protocols and Agreements as well as judicial pronouncement. The secondary sources include textbooks, journals, newspapers and materials sourced from the internet. The study revealed that the environment in Nigeria is confronted with many challenges that should be addressed by law without which the goals of sustainable development are a mirage. The study concluded that Nigeria has, in fact, established and implemented a wide range of clearly defined, comprehensive and environmentally-friendly policies that are sustainable and enforceable. However, enforcement drive is very weak in Nigeria. It is recommended that any limitation placed on The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act be removed and more authority be given to the body on all environmental law enforcement.

This paper examines traceability and compliance monitoring systems in global apparel supply chains through a structured stage-wise evaluation framework. The analysis focuses on supplier documentation, product traceability records, compliance checkpoints, and exception visibility across sourcing, production, inspection, warehousing, and distribution. Five analytical variables are used in the study: document completeness, traceability continuity, checkpoint coverage, exception visibility, and compliance response status. Two evaluation measures summarize system performance: the Traceability Coverage Ratio (TCR) and the Compliance Monitoring Effectiveness Index (CMEI). The results show that upstream stages, especially supplier qualification and sourcing, maintain stronger documentation and more continuous traceability links. In contrast, warehouse and distribution stages show weaker linkage, lower monitoring coverage, and reduced visibility of exceptions. The findings indicate that the main problem is not the absence of records, but the weak connection among records across supply chain stages. Fragmented data structures reduce visibility, weaken accountability, and limit compliance review. The paper presents a structured method for assessing traceability systems and identifies key gaps in cross stage integration within apparel supply chains.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation, remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally, with Bangladesh reporting one of the highest prevalence rates worldwide. Zinc, an essential trace element involved in immune regulation, oxidative stress modulation and hormonal balance, has been hypothesized to influence gestational duration. This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal serum zinc level and preterm birth. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), (former BSMMU), Dhaka, from September 2022 to August 2023. Sixty pregnant women aged 18–40 years, at 28 to <42 weeks of gestation, presenting in spontaneous labour with intact membranes and delivering a live singleton baby, were enrolled. Thirty women who delivered before 37 completed weeks constituted the cases, while 30 women with term deliveries served as controls. Serum zinc levels were measured using a colourimetric method on a Thermo Scientific™ Indiko™ Plus Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Results: Maternal serum zinc was significantly lower in the case group (68.13 ±32.73 mcg/dL) compared to controls (102.41 ±60.97 mcg/dL) (p=0.009). Women with zinc levels below 68 mcg/dL had 4.7 times higher odds of preterm birth than those with levels ≥68 mcg/dL (OR=4.667; 95% CI=1.571–13.866; p=0.001). Socio-demographic, obstetric and anthropometric variables did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Low maternal serum zinc level was significantly associated with preterm birth. Serum zinc estimation may serve as a potential predictor for preterm birth risk and supports consideration of routine zinc supplementation during antenatal care.

This study investigated the nutritional, energetic, and mineralogical implications of replacing conventional maize with underutilized agro-industrial by-products in livestock rations. A 100% maize control diet (MFF) was evaluated against three experimental diets where maize was replaced at a 50% inclusion level with Irish potato peel meal (MPF), yam peel meal (MYF), or cassava peel meal (MCF). The partial substitution preserved total organic matter density across all formulations (>90%). However, the higher concentration of structural non-starch polysaccharides inherent to root and tuber epicarps significantly reduced carbohydrate and caloric delivery (p < 0.05). Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) decreased from 47.42% (control) to 38.92% (MYF), 38.05% (MCF), and 35.47% (MPF). The reduction in digestible carbohydrates led to a decrease in calculated metabolizable energy (ME) profiles, which fell from 10.43 MJ/kg (MFF) to 9.62 MJ/kg (MYF), 9.50 MJ/kg (MPF), and 8.72 MJ/kg (MCF) due to the dilution of physical fiber. Conversely, the incorporation of tuber wastes resulted in a substantial natural increase in the concentration of essential minerals. Potassium accumulated significantly in MPF (0.97%) and MYF (0.53%), while calcium surged from 28.47% (control) to peaks of 68.67% (MPF) and 65.63% (MYF). Magnesium uniformly exceeded 81% across all test groups, alongside prominent accumulations of iron and zinc. However, phosphorus was significantly depressed in the cassava peel group (MCF: 9.37%), altering optimal dietary Ca/P ratios. Ultimately, replacing 50% of maize with root crop by-products offers a viable strategy for maintaining organic matter stability and enhancing mineral content, as long as targeted micronutrient balancing is applied for sustainable feed production.

Background: Prolonged labour remains a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. Delayed recognition and referral often lead to adverse outcomes. This study was undertaken to analyze the etiological factors of prolonged labour and evaluate its maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, from June to December 2009. A total of 110 purposively selected pregnant women with prolonged labour (labour pain >18 hours) were enrolled. Data were collected through interviews, clinical examination, and record review. Results: The majority of patients were primigravida (62.7%) and aged 21–30 years (57.27%). Most had no ANC (60%) and belonged to low socioeconomic backgrounds (69.09%). Uterine hypotonicity was the leading cause (45%), followed by malposition (22.72%). Caesarean section was required in 60.50% of cases. Maternal complications occurred in 65%, with PPH (20%) and puerperal sepsis (14.54%) being most common. Perinatal complications included asphyxia (13.63%), umbilical sepsis (10%), and stillbirth (6.36%). Barriers to early hospital admission included reliance on midwives (31%), TBAs (18.18%), and poor economic conditions (20%). Conclusion: Prolonged labour is associated with substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity. Strengthening ANC, improving referral systems, training birth attendants, and ensuring timely access to emergency obstetric care are essential to improve outcomes.