Indonesia continues to face serious problems related to drug abuse, especially among young people. The current legal system is considered ineffective because it still prioritizes imprisonment rather than rehabilitation for drug users and addicts. This study uses a normative juridical method with a post-positivist approach to analyze the urgency of adopting the Drug Court model, such as the one implemented in the United States since 1989. Drug Courts in the United States apply a rehabilitation-based approach that provides alternatives to prison sentences for drug offenders. The results of this study show that Indonesia’s current drug policy still treats addicts and drug abusers as criminals who deserve imprisonment. Medical and social rehabilitation are only used to reduce prison sentences, not as the main effort for recovery. In addition, the existing double-track system has not clearly distinguished between drug users and drug dealers. This condition contributes to prison overcrowding and does not effectively reduce drug abuse. Therefore, reforming Indonesia’s criminal law through a Drug Court model based on rehabilitation and the double-track system is necessary. Such reform is expected to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, support prevention efforts, reduce prison overcrowding, and better protect human rights.

Background: School vision screening is an effective strategy for early detection of visual impairment among children. However, shortage of eye care personnel in low- and middle-income countries necessitates the involvement of non-eye health workers such as school teachers. This study assessed the usability of trained school teachers for vision screening and identification of common eye conditions among primary school pupils in Kaduna North Local Government Area, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted among 352 primary school pupils aged 5–15 years selected from 11 public and private schools in Kaduna North Local Government Area. Twenty-two teachers (two per school) underwent structured training on visual acuity assessment using Peek Acuity and Tumbling E-chart as well as identification of common external eye abnormalities. Teachers screened pupils for vision impairment and ocular abnormalities and referred suspected cases for evaluation by an ophthalmology research team. Data were analysed using Stata MP version 14. Results: The teachers successfully screened all 352 pupils comprising 704 eyes. Eighteen pupils (2.6%) were identified as having visual acuity worse than 6/12 using Peek Acuity while 14 pupils (2.0%) were identified using the Tumbling E-chart. Teachers identified ocular abnormalities in 96 pupils (27.3%), including itching (16.8%), eye discharge (5.4%), red eye (4.6%), and abnormal whitish reflex (0.6%). Overall, 110 pupils (31.3%) were referred for further ophthalmic assessment. Subsequent evaluation by the ophthalmology team confirmed ocular conditions among referred pupils, including conjunctivitis, refractive errors, cataract, ptosis, and corneal scars. The prevalence of refractive error was 2.3%, while vision impairment was detected in 2.27% of pupils. Agreement between teacher-administered visual acuity assessments using Peek Acuity and Tumbling E-chart was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.804). Conclusion: School teachers can effectively participate in vision screening following structured training. Their ability to identify visual impairment and common ocular abnormalities demonstrates the feasibility of integrating teacher-led screening into school eye health programmes. This approach may improve early detection and referral of eye conditions in resource-limited settings.

For a sociologist, poverty is a social evil. A social worker does modalities related to poverty alleviation. An anthropologist sees the phenomenon as an obstacle in the human race. For a student of human development, it hiders the development right at the budding stage. A philosopher has so many unanswered questions related to poverty. An economist sees the phenomenon as a multidimensional process. Public health sees the phenomenon as the background of all ill health where as an epidemiologist sees it as a stage of health in the domain of epidemiology. In India, Bollywood made movies like ‘Mother India’ & ‘Boot Polish’ to portray poverty. Least of all, it is a tool that politicians use 24*7. The current article sees the phenomenon of poverty in the current circumstances especially in India. Process, obstacles, challenges, opportunities, emerging issues, alleviation strategies are all discussed upon in the article. Views of academicians, policy makers, nobel laureates, politicians, executives, civil society organizations & think individuals & institutions are embedded in the current article.

Behçet’s disease is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder in which vascular involvement represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although venous thrombosis is common, pulmonary embolism remains a rare and potentially life-threatening manifestation related to an inflammation-driven thrombotic mechanism. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with long-standing Behçet’s disease complicated by previous superior vena cava thrombosis, who was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Clinical presentation was nonspecific. Clinical probability assessment using the Wells and revised Geneva scores guided the diagnostic approach. Electrocardiographic findings were non-diagnostic, while transthoracic echocardiography allowed hemodynamic assessment and risk stratification. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography confirmed the diagnosis. This case underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of pulmonary embolism in Behçet’s disease and highlights the need for individualized management balancing immunosuppressive therapy and anticoagulation

The production-oriented approach, which is student-centered and outcome-oriented, represents an innovation over traditional teaching methods that focus on teachers and subject knowledge. Currently, college English courses still struggle to break free from traditional teaching concepts and methods, and the problem of insufficient teaching achievements persists. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to innovatively design teaching activities based on the production-oriented education concept, construct a multimodal teaching model, diagnose teaching problems through teaching evaluation, and make optimization and improvements to ensure excellent results in the innovation and practice of English courses. This article takes Unit 3 of New Standard College English 3 as an example, implements the teaching concept of the production-oriented approach, and designs the entire classroom activity according to the teaching design steps of the production-oriented approach to explore the application of the production-oriented approach in college English reading teaching.

This study scrutinizes the history curriculum's pedagogical approaches and civic engagement in Lakes State, South Sudan. History curriculum in South Sudan is evolving from a colonial-influenced system towards a national framework emphasizing peacebuilding, critical thinking, and civic engagement, though it faces severe challenges, including a lack of qualified teachers, limited resources, and contested historical narratives. The curriculum prioritizes “unity in resistance" to foster national identity while struggling with the challenges of teaching sensitive, recent conflict history. History curriculum’s pedagogical approaches have shifted from a 19th century focus on nationalistic, elite-driven narratives to a 21st century emphasis on critical thinking, inquiry, and civic engagement. This evolution aims to use the study of the past to prepare students for active participation in democratic societies through pedagogical strategies like historical thinking, empathy, and evidence analysis. The study was analyzed under historical thinking / disciplinary theory, critical constructivism theory and narrative/chronological theory. A case study design was used, with a sample of 429 history teachers and head teachers from public secondary schools in Lakes’ state, South Sudan. The study's results are reliable with existing research on civic education and civic engagement, which suggests that the development of the understanding of historical and chronological time, independent of cognitive development of the person, must be understood above all as an educative process in which strategies and mediums employed are fundamental.

C-shaped canal configuration is a complex anatomical variation most commonly in mandibular second molars. It is characterized by fused roots and a continuous or semicircular canal system with fins, webs, and interconnections that complicate cleaning, shaping, and obturation. The prevalence of C-shaped canals varies significantly among different populations, with higher incidence reported in Asian groups encountered and frequent bilateral occurrence when present unilaterally. Fan’s classification provides a standardized method to categorize C-shaped canal morphology. Successful management requires modification of conventional endodontic techniques and the use of thermoplastic obturation methods to achieve three-dimensional sealing. This case report describes the nonsurgical management of bilateral continuous C-shaped canals (Fan’s C1 configuration) in mandibular second molars of a 24-year-old male patient using controlled rotary instrumentation up to size 25/.06 followed by single cone obturation technique.