Mixed reality (MR), encompassing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies, is an emerging tool in clinical dentistry that enables digital information to be displayed directly within the clinician’s field of view. Modern dental practice relies heavily on electronic health records, radiographic imaging, and computer-assisted diagnostic and surgical systems, often requiring clinicians to divert attention away from the operative field. These interruptions can disrupt workflow and increase cognitive load. This study aimed to quantify computer dependence across common general dentistry and oral surgery procedures and to evaluate which clinical discipline may benefit most from MR integration into dental loupes. A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on fifty patients treated by a single general dentist, with ten patients included in each procedure category: Extraction(s), Root Canal Treatment(s), Crown(s), Filling(s), and Prophylaxis. An additional fifty patients were treated by two oral surgeons across six procedure categories, with ten patients per category except for implant procedures, which included five patients each: Surgical Extraction(s) with IV Sedation, Implant without Assisted Reality Glasses, Implant with Assisted Reality Glasses, Bone Graft with IV Sedation, Bone Graft with Local Anesthesia, and Biopsy. Computer usage was quantified as seconds per interaction with digital devices during active treatment. A two-sample t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference in computer usage between general dentistry and oral surgery procedures (p < 0.001), with oral surgery exhibiting more frequent digital interactions and greater computer dependence. One-way ANOVA tests conducted independently within each discipline revealed significant variation in computer usage among procedure types. These findings suggest that targeted MR integration may be particularly beneficial in oral surgery workflows, where frequent consultation of digital systems is essential. Prioritizing MR and assisted reality technologies in high-dependence procedures may reduce attention shifts, lower cognitive load, and enhance clinical efficiency.

Introduction: The relationship between implant length and prosthetic crown height has traditionally been considered a critical factor in the biomechanical stability of implant-supported restorations. High crown-to-implant ratios (CIR) have been associated with increased stress at the bone–implant interface and potential risk of failure. However, recent evidence suggests that this parameter may have a limited clinical impact when other factors are properly controlled. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical performance of extra-short, narrow-diameter implants placed in situations with crown-to-implant ratios ≥3. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including patients treated in 2020 with extra-short implants (4.5–6.5 mm) and narrow diameters (3–3.5 mm), supporting single or fixed restorations. All cases had a minimum follow-up of five years. Treatment planning was performed using CBCT and digital software, allowing individualized surgical protocols to optimize primary stability. Clinical and radiographic follow-up included periodic periapical radiographs. Implant survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and marginal bone loss was measured using calibrated digital images. Results: Six patients with 24 implants were included, with a mean follow-up of 62.6 ± 7.8 months. The mean crown-to-implant ratio was 3.27 ± 0.26 (range 3–3.9). Implant survival was 100%, with no failures recorded. Prosthetic survival was also 100%, although seven minor technical complications were observed, mainly screw loosening. Mean marginal bone loss was 0.42 ± 0.59 mm (mesial) and 0.45 ± 0.70 mm (distal). Most implants were immediately loaded and restored with screw-retained prostheses. Conclusions: Extra-short, narrow-diameter implants placed in situations with crown-to-implant ratios ≥3 can achieve favorable medium-term clinical outcomes. Implant survival and marginal bone stability appear to depend more on biomechanical and biological factors than on the magnitude of the crown-to-implant ratio itself. These findings suggest that high CIR values should not be considered a limiting factor when appropriate treatment planning and load control are applied.

Background: Telemedicine has moved from an emergency substitute during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to a permanent component of many family medicine and primary-care systems. Patient satisfaction and perceived consultation quality are central to judging whether remote consultation can be safely integrated into longitudinal, person-centred family practice. Objective: This systematic review synthesized evidence on patient satisfaction and perceived quality of telemedicine consultations in family medicine and primary-care settings. Methods: A structured literature search was designed in accordance with PRISMA 2020 principles and covered PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2020 to May 2026. Eligible studies were primary research articles involving adult patients receiving telephone, video, virtual-clinic, or asynchronous teleconsultation in family medicine, general practice, or primary-care clinics, with patient satisfaction, patient experience, communication quality, access, safety, or preference outcomes. Because of heterogeneity in instruments and reporting, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, representing diverse primary-care contexts in Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Philippines, Iran, the United States, and broader outpatient telemedicine cohorts with direct relevance to primary-care redesign. Most studies reported high or generally favourable patient satisfaction, commonly driven by convenience, reduced travel and waiting burden, continuity of access, perceived safety during infection-risk periods, and acceptable communication with clinicians. Quality concerns were consistent across settings and included inability to perform physical examination, weaker relational depth in selected encounters, technical or internet limitations, privacy concerns, and lower satisfaction among older adults or patients who did not actively choose virtual care. Conclusion: Telemedicine consultations in family medicine are generally acceptable and often highly satisfying when used for appropriate visit types and supported by reliable infrastructure, clear triage, privacy safeguards, and access to face-to-face assessment when clinically needed. Future work should use standardized satisfaction and quality instruments, examine equity across age and digital-literacy groups, and evaluate long-term outcomes beyond pandemic-era implementation.

This study examines the legal deadlock in the enforcement of civil monetary judgments in Indonesia, particularly arising from the inability of successful litigants to identify the assets of judgment debtors during the execution stage. This condition not only disadvantages the prevailing party but also undermines the authority and credibility of judicial institutions. The central issue addressed in this research lies in the inadequacy of Indonesian Civil Procedure Law, which fails to provide effective legal mechanisms to compel judgment debtors to disclose their assets during enforcement proceedings. Such regulatory gaps are frequently exploited by debtors through the concealment or transfer of assets to evade execution. This study aims to analyze the structural and substantive weaknesses within the existing framework governing the execution of civil monetary judgments and to propose an asset disclosure mechanism as an alternative institutional solution to achieve equitable enforcement. Employing normative legal research with a statutory approach, this article proposes a paradigm shift in civil execution through the adoption of a sworn asset disclosure mechanism. The findings are expected to contribute to the reform of Indonesian Civil Procedure Law in order to strengthen legal certainty, judicial effectiveness, and access to justice for litigants.

This study explored the digital entrepreneurship in the informal economy: adoption, monetization, and profitability among open market traders in Warri Metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of the study focused on exploring the adoption, modernization, profitability, barriers, and drivers of digital platforms use among open market traders in Warri, Nigeria. Employing a mixed methods design, survey data (200) were complemented with qualitative interviews to capture both statistical trends and lived experiences. Results show moderate adoption (mean – 3.05), with traders relying more on informal platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook than on formal e-commerce system. Monetization remains limited (mean = 2.98), with indirect benefits, such as; boosting physical purchases than online income. Profitability perceptions are moderate (mean = 3,25), with digital marketing expanding customer reach but traditional walk-in customers remaining dominant, Barriers are significant (mean = 3.48), particularly unstable electricity and poor internet connectivity, while drivers such as education and social influence (mean = 3.23) encourage adoption. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between adoption and profitability (r = 0.414, p < 0.01), while regression analysis confirmed monetization as the strongest predictor of profitability (β = 3.636, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings reinforced these results, highlight infrastructural frustrations, trust concerns in online payments, and the role of younger relatives in facilitating digital engagement. Conclusively, this study demonstrate that adoption alone does not guarantee profitability; rather, effective monetization strategies are critical. The study then recommends that the constraints be addressed in order to achieve sustainable profitability.

Introduction: Streblus asper Lour. (Moraceae), known locally as Sheora or Khoi, has been traditionally used across South and Southeast Asian medicine systems including Ayurveda and folk practices in Assam, India for the treatment of intestinal worm infestations, filariasis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Despite this well-documented ethnopharmacological background, systematic in vitro evaluation of its anthelmintic potential using standardized bioassay models remains inadequate in the published literature. Aim of the study: To evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of successive Soxhlet-derived chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (70% ethanol) leaf extracts of S. asper against Pheretima posthuma, using albendazole as a positive control, and to characterize the phytochemical profile of each extract. Materials and methods: Dried leaf powder (100 g) of S. asper, authenticated by voucher specimen (SA/BOT/2026/01), was subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. Each extract was characterized by qualitative phytochemical screening. Anthelmintic activity was assessed using adult P. posthuma earthworms (n = 6 per group) at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL by recording time to paralysis (TP) and time to death (TD) at 37 ± 0.5°C. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Extract yields were 3.12% (chloroform), 4.56% (ethyl acetate), and 8.84% (ethanolic) w/w. The ethanolic extract tested strongly positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. All three extracts produced dose-dependent anthelmintic activity (p < 0.001 vs. negative control). At 40 mg/mL, the ethanolic extract produced paralysis in 23.40 ± 0.82 min and death in 39.60 ± 0.98 min, compared to albendazole at 16.00 ± 0.58 min and 27.80 ± 0.74 min, respectively. Potency ranking at all doses: albendazole > ethanolic > ethyl acetate > chloroform extract. Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic leaf extract of S. asper exhibits significant anthelmintic activity attributable to the synergistic action of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. These findings provide rigorous pharmacological substantiation for the ethnomedicinal use of this plant as an anthelmintic and identify it as a promising candidate for further bioactivity-guided fractionation and in vivo validation.

Energy drinks are increasingly consumed due to their perceived ability to enhance physical and mental performance. However, concerns remain regarding their stimulant composition and acidic nature. This study quantitatively determined the concentrations of caffeine, taurine, and titratable acidity in six commercially available energy drink brands sold in Abuja Nigeria namely Predator, Fearless, Climax, Monster, Red Bull, and Power Horse. Caffeine and taurine were determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), while titratable acidity was determined using standard acid–base titration methods. The results showed that caffeine concentrations ranged from 129.14 ± 0.74 to 2186.66 ± 5.95 mg/L, with Climax recording the lowest level, while Power horse had the highest. Taurine concentrations varied between 59.16 ± 0.94 and 378.75 ± 0.83 mg/L, with Fearless exhibiting the highest taurine content and Climax showing the lowest concentration. Titratable acidity values ranged from 5.24 ± 0.20 to 9.77 ± 0.56 g/100 mL, indicating varying degrees of acidity among the samples, with Power Horse and Monster showing relatively higher acidity levels. The low standard deviation values recorded demonstrate the precision and reliability of the analytical methods employed and the observed variations in caffeine, taurine, and acidity among the energy drinks highlight the need for continuous quality assessment and regulatory monitoring to ensure consumer safety. This study provides baseline scientific data on the chemical characteristics of energy drinks and supports the need for stricter regulatory oversight, improved labeling, and increased public awareness regarding energy drink consumption.