Istradefylline, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist used as an add-on therapy to levodopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease, requires reliable impurity profiling to ensure pharmaceutical quality and safety. In this study, a novel, stability-indicating, Quality by Design (QbD)-based and eco-friendly RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Istradefylline and its related impurities in tablet dosage forms. Method robustness was systematically evaluated using a three-level, two-factor factorial design. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an XBridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using 0.01M ammonium formate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.8mL min⁻¹, with detection at 280 and 360nm. The method demonstrated excellent specificity, effectively separating Istradefylline from its impurities (IST-4, IST-5, IST-CIS, IST-10, and IST-40) without interference from excipients and degradation products. Linearity was established over the concentration range of 0.200–4.000µgmL⁻¹ (R² > 0.999), while accuracy, precision, and sensitivity met ICH acceptance criteria. Forced degradation studies confirmed the stability-indicating capability of the method. The method also complies with Green Analytical Chemistry principles through reduced solvent consumption and efficient chromatographic performance. Validation results demonstrated that the method is robust, reliable, and suitable for routine quality control, impurity profiling, and stability assessment of Istradefylline tablet formulations.

Football is a physically demanding sport that requires well-developed physiological capacities, including cardiovascular endurance, pulmonary function, and efficient oxygen utilization. Modern training approaches such as plyometric training and functional training have gained considerable attention for their potential to improve athletic performance. While each training method offers unique physiological benefits, combining these approaches may produce greater adaptations than using either method independently. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of varied training interventions on selected physiological variables among intercollegiate male football players. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of varied training interventions on selected physiological variables among intercollegiate male football players. Sixty male football players aged 18–25 years were randomly selected from various colleges in Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The participants were randomly assigned to four groups of fifteen players each. Group I underwent plyometric training, Group II participated in functional training, Group III received combined plyometric and functional training, and Group IV served as the control group. The experimental groups followed their respective training programmes for twelve weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group continued their regular routine without any specialized training intervention. The selected physiological variables vital capacity were measured before and after the intervention using standardized testing procedures. The collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), with the level of significance set at 0.05. The findings revealed statistically significant improvements in all selected physiological variables among the experimental groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, the combined plyometric and functional training group exhibited significantly greater improvements than the plyometric training and functional training groups individually, indicating the superior effectiveness of the combined training approach. The study concludes that varied training interventions, particularly the integration of plyometric and functional training, are highly effective in enhancing physiological capacities and overall athletic performance among intercollegiate male football players. Coaches and physical education professionals may incorporate combined training programmes into regular football conditioning to optimize players' physiological fitness and competitive performance.

Background: Niger remains one of the countries with the highest maternal mortality burden worldwide. Approximately one in 23 women is at risk of dying from complications related to pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period. Despite the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and substantial investments in maternal health over the past 15 years, progress has remained modest. The maternal mortality ratio declined from 700 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 553 in 2015 and 509 in 2017. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study at Issaka Gazoby Maternity Hospital, a tertiary referral maternity hospital in Niamey, Niger. The study covered a 12-month period from 1 January to 31 December 2025 and included all maternal deaths that met the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of maternal death. Results: During the study period, 8,002 live births and 175 maternal deaths were recorded, corresponding to a maternal mortality ratio of 2,186.9 per 100,000 live births. Maternal mortality was significantly associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, grand multiparity, and lack of formal education. Direct obstetric complications accounted for most maternal deaths, with eclampsia/severe pre-eclampsia being the leading cause. Conclusion: Maternal mortality in this tertiary referral hospital remains unacceptably high and is driven by the combined effects of socioeconomic, health system, cultural, and biological factors. Strengthening antenatal care, improving timely referral systems, and ensuring rapid management of obstetric emergencies are essential to reduce preventable maternal deaths in Niger and other low-resource settings.

There is need for a home-grown entrepreneurial business model that will enhance business success; thus, this study investigates the effect of kobana entrepreneurial business model practice on economic development of Igbo communities in South – East, Nigeria. The study employs survey design method. The scope of the study covers all the entrepreneurs in Onitsha, Nnewi, Awka, Enugu, Owerri, Aba, Umuahia and Abakaliki. Primary source of data was gathered through the instrument of questionnaire and focus group discussion. The study adopts purposive sampling technique. The independent variables are cultural values and norms, social networks and community bonds and associative entrepreneurship practice and the dependent variable is economic development. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis technique was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that associative entrepreneurship has positively impacted on the sustainability, growth and performance of entrepreneurs from the study area. It was also found that the use of Kobana model by entrepreneurs from the study area enable them to overcome numerous challenges. Hence, we recommend that government and all the stake holders should encourage the practice of associative entrepreneurship by embarking on mass sensitization exercise and also through the enactment of various laws that will strengthen the practice in Nigeria.

This article examines the essence of categorising energy forms and legislative instruments at the international level in an explicit manner in order to identify the causes, challenges and possible ways forward in the energy sector in general and Cameroon in particular. This article focuses on energy forms precisely on renewable energies that are environmentally friendly when compared to fossil fuels. In consequence to this, it should immediately be pointed out that, with the advent of climate change and its diverse negative consequences on man and the environment, it becomes vital to categorise the various forms of energies and spotlight amongst others their merits and pitfalls. This is because the energy sector in any country is vital at every ramification for any significant growth. A fundamental recommendation to this effect is that all states should take on board the utility of energy especially renewable energy in by integrating them in their various national laws.

Solid electrolytes are commonly designed using static descriptors such as crystallographic bottlenecks, vacancy concentrations, and migration barriers, yet emerging evidence shows that anion translation, rotation, vibration, and disorder can actively reorganize ionic energy landscapes. This review establishes a unified materials framework linking dynamic anion sublattices, cooperative ion migration, and metastable pathway engineering across lithium-, sodium-, proton-, and multivalent-ion conductors. A literature synthesis will compare sulfides, halides, oxyhalides, complex hydrides, solid acids, antiperovskites, and amorphous or partially crystalline electrolytes. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing independent hopping from correlated, concerted, paddle-wheel, and phonon-assisted transport; identifying when anion motion is causal rather than merely coincident; and determining how mixed-anion chemistry, defects, strain, mechanochemistry, quenching, and controlled amorphization stabilize transport-active configurations. Mode-resolved spectroscopy, neutron methods, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, total scattering, ab initio molecular dynamics, enhanced sampling, and machine-learned interatomic potentials are critically evaluated for resolving coupled sublattice dynamics across time and length scales. Quantitative structure–dynamics–transport relationships are proposed using conductivity, activation energy, correlation factors, rotational timescales, phonon characteristics, disorder metrics, and electrochemical stability. The review concludes with experimentally testable design rules and standardized reporting priorities for discovering room-temperature solid electrolytes that combine rapid ion conduction, metastable retention, interfacial compatibility, and device-level durability.

Background: One of the most significant plants in the Indian medical systems of Unani, Ayurveda, and Sidha is Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae). It is found in many tropical nations, especially India, where this therapeutic herb is a common weed. Many medicinal plants serve as antibiotic substitutes and are regarded as novel resources for the production of medicines in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aim: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of several A. aspera leaf and stem extracts. Methodology: In present investigation the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the stem and leaf extracts of Achyranthes aspera had been studied by the DPPH radical-scavenging assay and the disc-diffusion method, respectively. Result: The percentage inhibition of aqueous leaf and stem extract demonstrated a significant effect when compared to the standard, according to the investigation's findings. The findings show that leaf aqueous extracts have the highest antioxidant activity, followed by stem aqueous extracts, while ethanolic extracts have the lowest. The results of the antimicrobial investigation show that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem of Achyranthens aspera Linn have antibacterial activity against particular microorganisms. It has been discovered that ASL aqueous extract is more active than ethanolic extracts. Conclusion: While the antimicrobial study demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against particular pathogenic bacteria, the antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH test demonstrated significant free radical scavenging capabilities of the selected extracts. the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, which are known to be effective at scavenging radicals and preventing microbial growth.