Background: Biomedical waste (BMW) generated in healthcare settings poses serious health and environmental risks if not managed properly. Nurses play a pivotal role in biomedical waste management; therefore, adequate knowledge among staff nurses is essential for effective implementation of biomedical waste management rules. Objective: To assess the knowledge regarding biomedical waste management among staff nurses working at Noor Hospital, Warudi, Jalna, and to determine the association between knowledge levels and selected demographic variables. Methods: A quantitative descriptive research design was adopted. Thirty staff nurses were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire during January 2025. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that 90% of staff nurses had average knowledge, 6.67% had good knowledge, and 3.33% had poor knowledge regarding biomedical waste management. A statistically significant association was found between knowledge levels and years of experience as well as designation (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although most staff nurses demonstrated an average level of knowledge, gaps remain in comprehensive understanding of biomedical waste management. Regular training programs, continuous monitoring, and strict adherence to guidelines are recommended to improve compliance and ensure safe waste handling practices.

The legal and ethical aspects of software reverse engineering discussed in this paper are in the context of security research. Reverse engineering is now essential to vulnerability assessment and system interoperability, but it exists in a large gray area of the law. We have thoroughly examined the legal frameworks of various jurisdictions and discovered that more than 70 per cent of security professionals are not certain about the legal boundaries of work (Dasgupta et al., 2024). Comparative analysis shows that the EU offers clear Article 6 exception to interoperability with five conditions to the situation, whereas the DMCA Section 1201(f) in the U.S. is more restrictive in its protection, which does not include security research. We single out eight significant legal grey areas in terms of conflicts on jurisdiction, safe harbor, and disclosure. This paper will consolidate the existing law, test case law of the recent cases (2023-2025) and examine industry practice in order to record the chilling effects and the specific legal risks posed by these frameworks. As our discussion reveals, the current laws tend to be out of sync with the advancement in technology and this may make doing genuine security a hindrance. We make timely suggestions to researchers, organizations, and policymakers in order to promote a balance in protection of intellectual property and the required security research.

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, predominantly affecting the parotid gland. Despite its benign nature, surgical excision carries significant risks, notably facial nerve injury and postoperative complications such as Frey’s syndrome. This case report discusses the presentation, diagnosis, surgical management, and postoperative challenges of a long-standing parotid tumor in a male patient, emphasizing the delicate balance between complete tumor removal and preservation of facial nerve function. A 58-year-old male, Mr. Toslim Ali, presented with a ten-year history of a slowly enlarging, painless left parotid swelling extending from the preauricular region to the upper neck. Clinical and imaging findings were consistent with a parotid mass. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) suggested a benign lesion. A superficial parotidectomy was performed under general anesthesia. Intraoperative findings revealed a well-encapsulated mass adherent to the parotid fascia but without evidence of deep lobe invasion. Facial nerve branches were carefully dissected and preserved. Histopathology confirmed pleomorphic adenoma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered without major complications, experiencing only mild transient facial weakness that resolved within four weeks. This case underscores the clinical importance of early surgical intervention in pleomorphic adenoma, meticulous intraoperative dissection for facial nerve preservation, and the need for patient counseling regarding potential complications. The discussion integrates literature on surgical approaches, risk factors, and preventive techniques for parotidectomy-related complications such as facial nerve injury and Frey’s syndrome.

Grade III furcation involvement presents a significant periodontal challenge due to complete interradicular bone loss and limited regenerative potential. This case report described the management of a Grade III furcation defect using guided bone regeneration (GBR) and evaluated over a 9-month follow-up period. Following meticulous debridement, the defect was treated with a bone graft and barrier membrane to facilitate selective cell repopulation. Progressive improvement in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographic bone fill was observed. The findings suggested that GBR may offer a predictable regenerative approach for selected Grade III furcation defects when proper case selection and surgical protocols were employed.

Hair loss in women represents a complex clinical challenge with profound psychosocial implications. We present the case of a young woman from Qatar who experienced severe diffuse hair fall for three years despite consulting eight dermatologists across private and public healthcare sectors. She underwent multiple interventions including hair transplantation, topical minoxidil therapy, and experimental exosome injections without adequate diagnostic workup or blood testing. Despite these treatments, her condition showed no improvement, and she experienced significant psychosocial distress compounded by harsh communication from some physicians. Subsequently, she pursued DNA-guided intervention with nutrigenomics through a specialized trichologist, representing a paradigm shift toward precision medicine in hair loss management. This case highlights critical gaps in conventional diagnostic approaches, the importance of comprehensive metabolic and genetic assessment, and the potential of personalized genomic-guided interventions in chronic hair loss. The case underscores the necessity of patient-centered care, multidisciplinary collaboration, and compassionate communication in managing conditions with significant psychological burden.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth and impaired neurodevelopment. Physiological changes in gestation necessitate trimester-specific assessment, yet data from Bangladesh remain limited. Early identification through antenatal screening may reduce preventable complications. This study aimed to determine the trimester-specific distribution of thyroid disorders detected through routine antenatal screening and to assess associated demographic and obstetric factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka, from September 2014 to February 2015. Sixty-two pregnant women up to 36 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancies were enrolled using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, clinical examination and thyroid function testing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. Results: Nineteen of 62 participants (30.6%) had abnormal thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was observed across all trimesters, with a higher proportion detected in the third trimester. Significant associations were found between thyroid dysfunction and maternal age (p = 0.039), menstrual irregularity (p = 0.042), parity (p = 0.025), history of subfertility (p = 0.004) and prior abortion (p < 0.001). Socioeconomic status and gestational age were not significantly associated. Conclusion: A considerable burden of thyroid dysfunction was detected during routine antenatal care. The findings support the implementation of structured thyroid screening strategies during pregnancy to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Proteobacterial Antimicrobial Compound Efflux (PACE) family proteins are one of seven types of multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. PACE proteins can actively efflux synthetic biocides, including the antiseptic chlorhexidine, whilst their physiological substrates are polyamines. PACE proteins contain four putative transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices, and experimental evidence suggests that they mainly exist and function in a dimeric state, but the high-resolution structural organisation and molecular mechanism of PACE proteins are yet to be elucidated experimentally. As an essential first step to achieve this, we employed a strategy for gene cloning, expression screening and large-scale purification of representative PACE proteins. The genes of 24 proteins were successfully cloned into IPTG-inducible plasmid pTTQ18 directly upstream from a His6-tag coding sequence and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Small-scale expression tests identified seven proteins amplified at a sufficient level for larger-scale cultures and purification. Based on results from 30-litre fermentor cultures and inner membrane preparations, four proteins (A1S_2063, Fbal_3166, STY_3166, Tmarg_opt) representing distinct phylogenetic groups of the PACE family, were progressed to detergent solubilisation and purification. These proteins had purities of 86, 84, 80 and 78%, and purification yields of 1.1, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.0 mg/litre cell culture, respectively. The detergent-solubilised purified proteins had far-UV circular dichroism spectra consistent with alpha-helical secondary structure, producing melting temperatures of 46.7, 34.2, 32.6 and 37.6 C, respectively. A1S_2063 was most stable and might be best for structure elucidation. Secondary structure in all purified proteins appeared reasonably stable for performing biochemical and biophysical experiments up to 25 C.