Background: Accurate estimation of fetal weight at term is important for appropriate labour and delivery management, but available estimation methods have varying accuracy. Therefore, this study was undertaken to compare sonographically estimated fetal weight with actual birth weight in women at term pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital (ShSMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 17 March to 16 September 2018. Women with singleton term pregnancies (37–40 weeks) were included. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22, with p<0.05 considered significant. Written informed consent was obtained. Results: Among 100 participants, most were aged 18–25 years (56, 56.0%), housewives (84, 84.0%), primipara (74, 74.0%), and from the lower-income class (86, 86.0%); 82 (82.0%) received antenatal care. The mean sonographic estimated fetal weight was 3.06 ± 0.42 kg, while the mean actual birth weight was 3.11 ± 0.16 kg, with a significant difference (t = 2.21, p = 0.028). A significant positive correlation was found between estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight (r = 0.409, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight at term shows a significant positive correlation with actual birth weight and may assist in clinical decision-making during labour and delivery.

All-in-laterite concrete, in which lateritic material supplies both aggregate fractions, is a low-cost indigenous alternative to conventional concrete, but reinforced use is resisted because its strength variability makes structural performance unpredictable. This paper tests that objection for one laterite source and beam configuration. A published strength regression for this concrete from Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria (twelve mixes, forty-eight standard-cured cubes) was reproduced and embedded in a probabilistic resistance model, with cube-to-in-place strength transfer carried as a random variable. Strength variance used an assumed bounding model of predictive error, batching scatter and ACI 214R-11 control tiers. Fifteen basic variables followed the JCSS Probabilistic Model Code, with Gaussian-copula dependence. The first-order reliability method, verified by importance sampling, assessed sections designed to EN 1992-1-1 and BS 8110 against four limit states. The material supports strength class C12/15. The reference beam attained flexural reliability indices of 5.018 and 5.149 against a target of 3.8; the code-compliant shear-reinforced member attained 8.763, with links governed by minimum-ratio and maximum-spacing rules rather than strength, and 3.297 for quasi-permanent deflection. Concrete strength carried 0.0022 of the flexural limit-state variances, against 0.6332 for imposed load, and the flexural index differed by only 0.029 from conventional concrete of identical class. A concrete-only shear mechanism, screened for an unlinked member, returned 3.103. The flexural conclusion holds while transferred-resistance model uncertainty stays below a coefficient of variation of about 0.15. Strength variability therefore does not govern flexural reliability here, and raising the concrete partial factor would be an ineffective safeguard.

Introduction: Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), or “black esophagus,” is a rare but serious condition that mainly occurs in elderly patients with vascular frailty and significant comorbidities. It is thought to result from acid injury combined with esophageal ischemia. It frequently presents with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnosis relies on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which shows diffuse, circumferential black discoloration of the esophageal mucosa, predominantly distal and ending sharply at the Z-line. AEN may progress to severe complications, including esophageal stricture and perforation, and remains associated with high mortality. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 50-year-old man with alcohol-related liver cirrhosis, still actively drinking and not under medical follow-up, admitted for mild acute alcoholic pancreatitis. His course was complicated by delirium tremens in the setting of abrupt alcohol withdrawal. Clinically, he presented with blackish vomiting and melena. Laboratory tests revealed severe anemia (hemoglobin 6.3 g/dL), acute kidney injury, and severe hypokalemia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. EGD revealed grade D ulceronecrotic esophagitis according to the Los Angeles classification, without active bleeding, consistent with black esophagus syndrome. Biopsies were deferred given the acute bleeding context. Caustic ingestion was ruled out by history. The patient was managed with fluid resuscitation, parenteral nutrition, correction of fluid and electrolyte disturbances, high-dose intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy followed by double-dose oral PPI combined with sucralfate, and initial fasting. Follow-up EGD on day 8 showed marked improvement without esophageal stricture. The outcome was favorable, with resumption of oral feeding, continuation of PPI therapy for eight weeks, and referral to an addiction medicine clinic. Conclusion: Our case shows that early and optimal management can lead to healing of esophageal lesions. Control of comorbidities is an essential component of treatment, together with supportive resuscitative measures and combined PPI and sucralfate therapy. The outcome is often favorable, but mortality remains high owing to the frail background frequently associated with this condition.

Background: Parent–adolescent communication, peer relationships, autonomy, identity, and future-related thinking are often studied separately, despite their potential relevance to emotional adjustment during the transition to adulthood. Age-specific evidence for late adolescence and Saudi/Gulf settings remains limited. Objective: To critically synthesize evidence on these relational and developmental domains, distinguish association from temporal evidence, and identify a bounded Saudi/Gulf research and clinical agenda. Methods: This targeted narrative review retained a structured PubMed/MEDLINE search audit, final source-level eligibility re-screening, and purposive, citation-tracked source assembly. Three prespecified searches returned 9,443 records before deduplication. The first 20 records in PubMed’s default most-recent ESearch order were retained from each query as a 60-record search audit, not as a relevance-ranked inclusion screen. Twenty-two source records initially informed the synthesis; one out-of-scope source was excluded, leaving 21 original scholarly sources. A separately documented focused age-specific search then added two source-verified records, yielding 23 scholarly sources overall. Findings: Adolescent-rated parent–child communication quality and broader family relationship quality are consistently associated with mental-health outcomes, but much evidence is cross-sectional or based on one informant. Direct 15–19 evidence is narrow: one age-specific prospective synthesis addressed future-related thinking, one 15–19 relationship-profile study was cross-sectional, and one age-18 exposure study measured outcomes at age 21. Mixed-age samples must not be interpreted as age-specific evidence. Saudi and Gulf evidence provides important contextual and service-use information but does not yet provide a direct age-specific test of an integrated parent–peer–autonomy model. Conclusion: The review offers a hypothesis-generating framework and a transparent research agenda. Family-inclusive prevention may be useful when it is acceptable and safe, but the reviewed evidence does not support causal claims, diagnosis from appearance or friendship changes, or a stand-alone family intervention as treatment for mental disorders.

Background: Oral health is closely linked to systemic health, yet preventive oral health education remains insufficient in many low- and middle-income settings. School-based interventions offer a scalable platform for early prevention and long-term behavioral change. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a repeated school-based oral health education and treatment program on oral disease burden and related systemic outcomes over a three-year period in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A quasi-longitudinal community-based study was conducted through annual dental camps at Mahendra Public School and Shee Thangpal Secondary School between 2018 and 2021 in collaboration with Lions Clubs International. Approximately 500 participants were evaluated annually. Standardized oral examinations were performed using dental charting and Palmer notation. Interventions included oral health education, preventive care, and basic treatment services. From the second year onward, audiovisual and small-group interactive learning strategies were implemented. Oral disease prevalence and self-reported systemic complaints were recorded and compared across years. Results: A significant reduction in oral disease burden was observed. Dental caries prevalence decreased from 62% (≈310 cases) in 2018 to 130 cases in 2021, representing a 58.1% reduction. Gingivitis prevalence declined from 38% (≈190 cases) to 80 cases, also reflecting a ~58% reduction. Participants demonstrated improved oral hygiene practices and increased engagement in peer-led education. Additionally, a reduction in self-reported digestive complaints was noted among adult participants. Conclusion: Sustained school-based oral health programs integrating education, prevention, and treatment are associated with significant improvements in oral and systemic health outcomes. These findings support the scalability of community-based dental education models in resource-limited settings.

This study assessed estate management practices and their implications for sustainable urban development in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and focused on property management, maintenance, land administration, development control and sustainability practices. A structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was designed for property owners, tenants, estate surveyors and valuers, developers and relevant public officials. For the model analysis, 200 responses were generated and analysed using frequencies, percentages and mean scores. The results indicate that estate management practices are moderately effective, with mean scores ranging from 3.57 to 3.88 for the major practices. Preventive maintenance was strongly recognised, with a mean score of 4.00, although timely responses to defects and infrastructure maintenance recorded lower means of 3.60 and 3.41 respectively. Respondents identified high maintenance costs, inadequate development finance, weak enforcement and institutional coordination as major constraints, with mean scores above 3.90. Sustainable estate management indicators recorded generally high mean scores between 3.97 and 4.10. The study concludes that improved professional management, maintenance financing, digital land administration, development-control enforcement and sustainability-oriented practices can strengthen urban development in Enugu Metropolis.

Saudi Vision 2030, launched in 2016, is a comprehensive national transformation strategy that seeks to decrease Saudi Arabia's dependency on hydrocarbons, diversify the economy, increase the participation of human capital, modernize governance, and strengthen Saudi Arabia's global standing. This study is an attempt to look at Vision 2030 as a multi-dimensional transformation process and not a single economic reform programme after 10 years of its application. Qualitative documentary analysis thus describes, based on qualitative evidence, official Vision 2030 documents, government documents, national statistics, international assessments and academic literature between 2016 and 2026. Economic diversification, social change, governance reform and strategic repositioning are all central themes for the analysis. Results show that there have been major achievements in some of the areas that are not oil related, women in the workforce, tourism development, digital governance, and international investment engagement. However, there are financial and institutional shortfalls around the dependence of oil, project sustainability, and productivity in the private sector. As the study points out, Vision 2030 is still a transformation model and not a transition to something else.