Oil and gas pollution poses significant environmental and health risks to communities in Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta region. Despite the devastating impacts of pollution, Nigeria's legal framework for controlling oil and gas pollution has been criticized for being inadequate and ineffective. This article undertook a critical appraisal of the legal measures for the control of oil and gas pollution in Nigeria. The article examined the relevant international, regional, and national laws and policies governing oil and gas pollution in Nigeria, including the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act. The article critiques the strengths and weaknesses of these laws and policies, highlighting gaps and inconsistencies that hinder effective pollution control. The article also analyzed the institutional framework for pollution control in Nigeria, including the roles and responsibilities of regulatory agencies such as the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency and the Department of Petroleum Resources. The article argued that while these agencies have made efforts to control pollution, they are often hindered by inadequate funding, lack of capacity, and conflicting mandates. Furthermore, the article examined the impact of oil and gas pollution on local communities in Nigeria, highlighting the human rights implications of pollution and the need for effective remedies and compensation. The article concluded by proposing recommendations for strengthening the legal framework for pollution control in Nigeria, including the adoption of more stringent regulations, the enhancement of institutional capacity, and the provision of effective remedies for affected communities.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern in Bangladesh, driven by urbanization, lifestyle changes, and dietary habits. Poor glycemic control contributes to complications and imposes a financial burden on the healthcare system. Understanding the clinical factors influencing glycemic control is essential for developing targeted interventions. Objective: To assess the clinical status of T2DM patients with a focus on glycemic control and its association with demographic and clinical variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from March 2022 to February 2023. Eighty T2DM patients were recruited based on ADA diagnostic criteria. Glycemic control was classified using HbA1c levels (<7% for adequately controlled, ≥7% for inadequately controlled). Data collection included anthropometric measurements, saliva and blood sampling, and laboratory analyses for HbA1c and salivary A2MG. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.1 ± 9.97 years, with no significant age-related difference in glycemic control (p=0.513). Gender (p=0.194), residence (p=0.900), and family history of diabetes (p=0.637) showed no significant association with glycemic control. However, BMI was significantly higher in the inadequately controlled group (27.6 ± 3.44 kg/m²) compared to the adequately controlled group (25.2 ± 2.76 kg/m²) (p=0.002), highlighting the influence of obesity on glycemic outcomes. Conclusion: Glycemic control in T2DM patients in Bangladesh is influenced more by clinical factors like BMI than demographic variables. Targeted interventions focusing on weight management and lifestyle modifications are critical for improving glycemic outcomes and reducing diabetes-related complications.

Introduction: Uterine rupture occurs in many pregnancies. The risk is higher for women who plan to have a normal birth after a previous cesarean section than for those who have another cesarean section. Objectives: This study aimed to predict the thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) by comparing a 2D transvaginal ultrasound with the findings during a cesarean section (C/S) in pregnant women with a history of previous cesarean sections. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Institute of Child and Mother Health, Bangladesh from June 2023 to May 2024. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. 100 women underwent transvaginal ultrasound followed by cesarean section (C/S) within a maximum of one week later. Also, an expert gynaecologist classified LUS thickness into four grades in the operation room. Result: The mean age of the women in the study was 30.7 years (±9.62), while the mean thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) was 2.25 cm (± 0.55). Among the participants, 43 were classified as grade I for the LUS based on intraoperative findings. The results indicated a significant difference in the mean thickness of the LUS measured by ultrasound across the three grades identified by the gynaecologist (P = 0.04). However, there were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, parity, or the time since the last cesarean section among women with different LUS grades (P > 0.05). Transvaginal ultrasound may be useful in assessing the risk of scar dehiscence and uterine rupture in women with LUS grades I and II who have a history of previous cesarean sections. Conclusion: Sonographic lower uterine segment thickness prediction is very important in the study of lower uterine segment thickness after a prior cesarean section to predict uterine rupture. 2D vaginal ultrasonography can be used to assess the risk of uterine scar dehiscence of grades I and II.

Background: Childhood illnesses, including fever, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and diarrhea, remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. These conditions are influenced by socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their prevalence and determinants to inform public health strategies. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors for fever, ARIs, and diarrhea among children under five in Bangladesh, thereby providing insights for targeted interventions. Methodology: Utilizing data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18, this cross-sectional study examined a weighted sample of 8,421 children under five. Variables including demographics, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors were analyzed. Prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea was recorded, with logistic regression models estimating odds ratios to identify associations between childhood illnesses and selected predictors. Results: Among children aged 0–59 months, boys exhibited a higher prevalence of fever and ARI compared to girls. Children younger than 12 months showed the highest rates of all three illnesses, particularly ARI. Breastfeeding status, maternal age, and socioeconomic factors (e.g., parental education, wealth index) significantly influenced illness prevalence. Additionally, safe water access and sanitation were linked to lower fever and ARI prevalence. Vaccination status was also associated with illness patterns, highlighting complex health disparities. Conclusion: The study identifies critical factors affecting the prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea in children, emphasizing the need for interventions addressing environmental and socioeconomic risks. Improved water, sanitation, vaccination coverage, and healthcare access are recommended to reduce disease burden among children in Bangladesh.

Food security means all people at all times have economic and physical access to food for dietary needs and healthy life. Ensuring food security for all is a challenge at the global level. Developing nations need help with food security. Developing countries like India are facing a severe challenge in ensuring food security. Various international and national factors contribute to food security. Global factors such as climate change affect agriculture production and productivity. Rising temperatures, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, erratic rainfall, and increasing flood and drought events affect food security adversely. The declining proportion of millet in total food production is another severe issue for physical and economic access to healthy food. Millet's crop is a consumer, environment, and farmer's friend. Several factors, such as increasing population, urbanization, food waste, reducing land for cultivation, and unhealthy change in crop patterns, are making the problem of food security more difficult. The increasing population and resulting anthropogenic activities are putting pressure on natural resources. This article discusses the food security problem and the factors contributing to this problem in the Indian case. We need to work on several fronts to ensure physical and economic access to healthy food security for the increasing population.

Background: Quality of education is not just referring to as imparting good knowledge but it also includes availability of potable water and sanitary services. Clean and continuous availability of water and right sanitation practices in schools are prerequisites to school children's entitlement to a basic education. Aim: Therefore, in the current survey study, the main objective was to assess the water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices in schools and colleges of Jammu District. Method: A simple random sampling technique was used to gather 100 school/college students studying in the Jammu region of the Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir (UT), India. Data were retrieved using a self-constructed questionnaire assessing sanitation & hygiene practices using Google form format and E-based method. Result: The findings of the study revealed that the major water drinking facility in the educational institutions was in the form of water cooler (46%) and tap water (34%). There was no satisfactory provision of toilets for the student with disability and regarding menstrual we observed that only 67% of colleges and 51% of schools provides dustbins for disposal of menstrual hygiene wastes. It was also observed that 27% of institutions provide soap in a private space for girls due to which 75% miss classes and suffered from UTI. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of school and colleges of Jammu district provides separate washrooms for girls and boys but only half of the number of school and colleges provides hand wash/soap at hand washing place and also found that there is less menstrual hygiene. Therefore there is an urgent need to provide proper water supply, sanitary services in educational institutions to support the Sustainable Development Goal 6 for proper development of the nation.

Hydatidosis can affect up to 5% of the population in areas of high endemicity. Its preferred location is the liver. It is a disease considered benign but can become serious due to its complications. The fistulization of a hydatid cyst (HC) into the abdominal wall is a rare complication. We report the case of a hydatid cyst of the liver fistulized into the abdominal wall.