Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition affecting adult men globally, characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Neurological causes, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, congenital spinal abnormalities, and spinal cord injuries, disrupt neural pathways essential for erectile function. Additionally, chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, along with lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol consumption, exacerbate ED by compromising vascular health. Psychological stressors further complicate the etiology of ED. Pelvic surgeries, cavernous nerve injuries, and certain medications, including antihypertensives and antidepressants, contribute to ED progression. Effective management requires addressing these neurological, vascular, hormonal, and psychological factors, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach involving specialists such as neurologists, urologists, endocrinologists, and mental health professionals. This review highlights the complex interplay between neurological disorders, systemic conditions, and lifestyle factors in the pathophysiology of ED, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment strategies targeting the underlying contributors to improve patient outcomes.

Anthracycline is one of the chemical drugs commonly used worldwide for the treatment of various types of cancer. The high doses of it cause unwanted toxic side effects on the tissues. Our study designed to demonstrated the physiological and histopathological effect of the drug on the heart organ of experimental animals. For this purpose, twenty adults male rats were used in this study and were divided into four main groups. Control group, Azoxymethane treated group, Azoxymethane qrand anthracycline treated group, and anthracycline treated group only. Blood of the experimented animals was collected in order to measure biochemical parameters such as glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, peroxynitrite, Creatinine Kinase, C-reactive protein Creatine kinase –myocardial band, and Myoglobin concentrations. In this study a significant increase and decrease was observed in biochemical parameters. Histological examination on the heart shown that rats treated with AOM have been revealed only hypertrophy of cardiac muscles, while other groups were observed hypertrophy of cardiac muscles furthermore. Aorta in AOM group have been revealed Adverse histological changes and transformation in the thickness aortic wall layers. The tissue sections of the groups treated with Anthracyclin showed a negative effect on the aortic wall layers, the endothelial layer and the middle layer, as well as the outer layer in the sections prepared from these groups.

This research aims to carry out fraud detection efforts through the implementation of a whistleblowing system. In this case, whistleblowing is a system where the public can report various indications of fraudulent practices in both the business and public sectors. This whistleblowing system was designed as the main step for early detection and prevention of fraudulent practices in both the business and public sectors. However, the implementation of whistleblowing still requires the role of whistleblowers who report anonymously. Where the reporter gets guarantees from the recipient of the report for various fraudulent practices (fraud). This article uses a literature study approach (literature review). This article states that whistleblowing channels are very effective in detecting and preventing various fraudulent practices in all public and business sectors.

Background: Sepsis remains a significant health concern, particularly in resource-limited regions like Bangladesh. Despite available diagnostic methods, identifying bacterial infections in septic patients proves challenging, prompting the exploration of biomarkers. Procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a promising biomarker for bloodstream infections like sepsis. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the utility of measuring serum PCT levels in diagnosing and assessing the severity of sepsis, with a focus on enhancing early treatment in intensive care units (ICUs). Method: A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients admitted to the Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka ICU, exhibiting clinical manifestations of sepsis between April and September 2015. Patients of all ages and genders were included, while those with recent major surgery, trauma, or burn history were excluded. Detailed clinical assessments and laboratory investigations were performed, with data recorded on a standardized proforma. Result: Of the 50 patients evaluated, 64% were male, and 36% were female, with a mean age of 56.11±10.89 years. Sepsis was more prevalent in patients aged >50 years (60%) and in males (64%). Respiratory tract infection (RTI) was the most common source of sepsis (40% of cases), with Klebsiella pneumonia being the predominant organism. Higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores correlated significantly with elevated serum PCT concentrations. Serum PCT demonstrated a significant difference between non-septic and septic groups (p-value <0.001), exhibiting sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Serum PCT emerges as a promising marker for sepsis in critically ill patients, enhancing diagnostic certainty and informing patient management. Its addition to routine work-ups could improve outcomes and patient care in ICUs.

Background: Effective communication between primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) and referral hospitals is critical for ensuring the continuity and quality of patient care. Referral letters and feedback reports are essential for this communication, yet their quality is often inconsistent, potentially impacting patient outcomes. Study Aim: To assess the standard of feedback reports from referral hospitals and the quality of referral letters from PHCCs within the first health cluster in Riyadh. Methodology: This cross-sectional study randomly selected 360 referral letters and feedback reports from nine PHCCs in the first health cluster in Riyadh. Systematic sampling was employed to select approximately 55 documents from each center. Each document was evaluated based on 16 key components as per the Quality Assurance Manual of the Ministry of Health, using an author-developed scoring system. Results: The study included 360 referral letters and feedback reports, with an average quality score of 13.2 ± 1.5 out of 16. A majority of the documents (253, 70.3%) scored 13 or higher. Key components such as general information and patient file numbers were present in all documents (100%). Vital signs were documented in 351 cases (97.5%), and the reason for referral in 327 cases (90.8%). However, investigation results and current treatment details were included in only 142 (39.4%) and 150 (41.7%) of the documents, respectively. Clear handwriting was observed in 262 reports (72.8%), while 98 (27.2%) had legibility issues. Conclusion: The overall quality of referral letters and feedback reports in the first health cluster in Riyadh is relatively high. However, significant gaps were identified in the documentation of investigation results, current treatment details, and clinical examination findings. Addressing these gaps through targeted training, standardized documentation practices, and the adoption of electronic health records can enhance the quality of patient referrals and improve care continuity and outcomes.

Introduction: Placenta previa (PP) is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there is limited data from developing countries on the maternal and fetal outcomes and complications associated with placenta previa. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcome in preterm placenta praevia. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Gynae and Obstetrics of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from March 2010 to August 1010. Result: Total 66 patients were diagnosed with placenta previa. We found, the majority (42%) of participants were aged between 26-30 years and with lower socio-economic status significantly associated with higher prevalence due to lack of regular antenatal care. The majority were admitted at 35-37 weeks gestation, with the highest perinatal loss occurring before 30 weeks. Initial bleeding was generally small, and many presented with labor pain and anemia. Ultrasonography diagnosed 55% of cases, with cesarean sections frequently used, leading to better outcomes compared to vaginal deliveries. Severe postpartum complications like hemorrhage and urinary tract infections were common in more severe cases. Conclusion: Placenta previa is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early registration, regular antenatal care, early detection of high-risk cases, and timely referral to higher centers with good NICU services and blood bank facilities can help prevent these adverse outcomes.

Background: Although most of human life is spent inside, where bacteria are always present on things, little is known about the microbial variety of indoor habitats. Objectives: The major objective of this study was to determine the rate and types of bacterial contaminants in female and male student dormitory of Al-Kufa university campus, and to explore the inhibitory effect of certain disinfectants. This study was conducted for the period from October 2022 to Jun 2023. A total of 400 bacteriological swabs were collected aseptically from different sites of male and female student dormitory of Al-Kufa university. Swabs were streaked as soon as possible on blood agar and MaConkey agar plates and incubated overnight. Identification of bacterial species was based on standard bacteriological criteria. The inhibitory effect of 40% and 60% concentrations of three commercially available disinfectants; dettol (chloroxylenol), Al-Emlaq (Alkyl benzene sulfonate), and the house bleach (sodium hypochlorite) were explored by agar diffusion method. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The results revealed that the overall bacterial contamination rate in student’s dormitories of Al-Kufa university campus was 78%. Male dormitory unit had significantly higher contamination rate compared to female dormitory unit (57.5% vs 42.5%). Bacillus spp. Was the most predominant contaminant in both male and female units. Al-Emlaq super gel (Alkyl benzene sulfonate) was found as the most effective disinfectant against the majority of bacterial isolates. Conclusion: Authorized and public awareness toward bacterial contamination in student's dormitories is recommended. The selection of an effective disinfectant should be based on its active ingredient and concentration.