Background: Pressure sore means localized injury of the skin & underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence area due to pressure or pressure combined with shear & fraction. Objectives: To identify the risk factors for developing pressure sore in spinal cord injury patient. Methodology: A case-control research design was carried out in this study; convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data from 50 participants among the SCI patients& their attendants at CRP. A questionnaire was used to collect data and data was collected by face to face interview. Data were numerically coded and captured by using an SPSS 20.0 version software program and descriptive spastics was used for data analysis which focus to table, pie chart and bar chart. Results: In this research, 50 participants were participated. The factors significantly associated with the pressure sore were gender (OR- 8.500; 95% CI, 2.338 to 30.908), knowledge about pressure sore (OR- 29.333; 95% CI, 6.200 to 138.781),Personal hygiene (OR- .600; 95% CI, .436 to .826),Sense of bowel & bladder movement (OR- .360; 95% CI, .213 to .607)&bladder incontinence (OR- .240; 95% CI, .119 to .482)which is statistically significant, changing position 2 hourly (OR- 7.875; 95% CI, 2.071 to 29.940),which is statistically significant, knowledge about proper transferring technique (OR- 4.125; 95% CI, .961 to 17.704) &avoid friction (OR- .360; 95% CI,.213 to .607), which is statistically significant. So there is positive association between these factors & pressure sore development in SCI patients. Conclusion: For developing sore in SCI patient some factors are greatly influenced. This factor helps to break down the skin & developed pressure sore among the patient. So it is necessary to create more awareness& provide more information about pressure sore& possible risk factors among the SCI patients and their caregiver at CRP.

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Virus is transmitted to people from animals and spread to population.

Life of a parents with a child who agonizes from mental illness can be perplexing subsequently they need to have better understanding about the way their child’s mental illness presents itself in every life setting, this understanding may provide the foundation for seeking the treatment. Parental opinion and beliefs toward psychotropic drug compliance has a critical value that could improve or worse the course of treatment and the child’s mental health outcome. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the parental opinion and beliefs toward use of psychotropic drugs for treatment of mental health problems in children in the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A descriptive correlation cross section research design was utilized on a sample of 526 Saudi parents who were selected by a random location methodology. Data was collected using two part questionnaire, part one was the demographic data sheet, second part was a modified translated Arabic 16 item scale “parental opinion and beliefs toward use of psychotropic drugs for treatment of mental health problems in children.” Description about the purpose and nature of the study was explained to each individual potential participant. Participants were assured confidentiality of the collected data and that it will be used only by the researchers for the purpose of the current study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Study revealed that half of the parents believed that some psychotropic drugs are dangerous for children. The total participants’ responses to the parental opinion and beliefs toward use of psychotropic drugs for treatment of mental health problems in children scale score ranged between 16 and 60 with higher scores indicating more accurate opinions and more favorable beliefs toward psychotropic medication prescription and administration to children. Correlation between selected demographic variables and parental opinion and beliefs toward use of psychotropic drugs for treatment of mental health problems in children, showed a highly statistically significant relationship between parents’ opinions and beliefs scores and the age of the parents, furthermore study findings revealed a highly statistically significant difference in the total opinion and beliefs score between participants with different marital status. Conclusion: Fear of psychiatric stigmatization and ignorance of the nature of mental disorders are important factors which influence the opinion and beliefs about psychotropic medication among parents of children with mental disorders,which threatens to rule out psychopharmacotherapy.The study findings showed the need for more education on scientific knowledge regarding the psychiatric treatment methods and its importance in managing psychiatric disorders among children.

A Quasi Experimental Design was used for the present study & 50 women of reproductive age group were selected using purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge. The analysis and the data were based on the objective and hypothesis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The Assessment of post- test knowledge score of the women of reproductive age group on prevention of cervical cancer shows that, Majority of women 34(68%) had good knowledge (13.59±1.189), 12(24%) had excellent knowledge (16.50±0.6742) and followed by 4(08%) having the average knowledge (10±00). It implies that, Majority of women having good, average and excellent knowledge in post test score after implementation of STP on knowledge of the women of reproductive age group on prevention of cervical cancer as compare to pre-test it shows that STP was effective educational strategies to create awareness.

A Quasi Experimental Design was used for the present study & 50 Mothers of under Five Children were selected using purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge & practices. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The analysis and the data were based on the objective and hypothesis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.The assessment of post- test knowledge score of the mother of under five children regarding prevention of pneumonia shows that, majority of mothers 29(58%) had good knowledge, 21(42%) having the average knowledge. And The assessment of post- test practice score of the mother of under five children regarding prevention of pneumonia shows that, majority of mothers 50(100%) had good practices. after implementation of STP on knowledge & practices of the mothers of under five children on prevention of pneumonia as compare to pre-test it shows that STP was effective educational strategies to create awareness.

Background: Infection is a major health problem in orphanage centers and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality among residents. Health education is an essential component of infection control and should be offered to all children and their caregivers. The aim of current study: to evaluate the effect of a health education program about infection control on practice of caregivers & on infection rates in Mygoma orphanage center. Materials and methods: An Intervention study (Quasi-experimental: pre and posttest design for the same group). The study was conducted in Mygoma orphanage center in Khartoum state. The study sample consisted of 92 caregivers. Data were collected using a checklist to measure practice and laboratory investigations. The intervention program included infection control lectures, handouts, posters, and attention to environmental cleaning and disinfection. Compliance with these measures was monitored and recorded. Data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: the study showed significant differences were found regarding correct practices between the pretest and posttest (P < 0.05) also the study revealed that, the swab for culture and sensitivity, in food table the isolated organisms were staph 23.1%, E coli 7.7%, Protus 7.7%, Bacillus 7.7%. and klebseilla 15.4% at pretest investigation, while at posttest the isolated organisms were staph 15.4%, and klebseilla 7.7%. In diapering table, the isolated organisms were staph 15.4%, E coli 30.7%, Protus 7.7%, klebseilla 15.4% and Pseudomonas 7.7% at pretest investigation, while at posttest measurement the isolated organisms were E coli 15.4% and klebseilla 7.7%. Conclusion: The study concluded that educational and environmental infection control program had a significant impact related to the improvement of the caregiver's practice skills and decrease in infection rates post application of the program.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of hypertension and related factors among health-care employees in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done among health care professionals who work for the Ministry of Health's, Directorate of General Health Affairs in Najran, Saudi Arabia southern region. The study sample size was 200 and the data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Assessed the level of hypertension by checking blood pressure followed by determinants related to hypertension. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study's findings, the majority of medical staff (92%) and non-medical employees (88%) had pre-hypertension, and 88 (42%) medical and 80 (40%) non-medical staff had stage one hypertension, and 24 (12%) medical staff and 32 (16%) non-medical staff had stage two hypertension. BMI, junk food, family history of hypertension, smoking status, and physical activity all play a role in hypertension levels. Conclusion: The study's findings show that healthcare employees, regardless of their job description, suffer from a high rate of hypertension. Hypertension levels are strongly linked to determining factors such BMI, junk food, family history of hypertension, smoking status, and physical activity. Health-care professionals should have frequent medical checks, and effective health-promotion programs should be established to reduce the risk of hypertension and improve the health of health-care workers.

Patient handoffs between the Operating Room (OR) and Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) are critical for ensuring continuity of care and patient safety. However, these transitions often occur under high-stress conditions and are prone to communication breakdowns, contributing to adverse events and medical errors. This review highlights the significance of standardized communication frameworks, such as SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation), in mitigating these risks. Evidence suggests that structured handoffs improve information accuracy, reduce errors, and enhance patient outcomes. Despite these benefits, barriers such as human factors, systemic inefficiencies, and resistance to change persist. Recommendations include targeted training, technological integration, and fostering a handoff culture emphasizing clear communication. Future research should focus on long-term impacts of standardized frameworks and explore innovative solutions like AI for optimizing handoff processes.

Background: There is an increasing burden of care for chronic noncommunicable diseases on the health care system, in particular, in mixed urban-rural districts where resource constraints and limited health workers threaten continuity of care. Nurse practitioners (NPs), who have received clinical training to assess, diagnose, and educate patients, are coming to play an increasingly important role in the care of people with chronic diseases. Thrown into the limelight of chronicity, NPs and their roles and practice barriers are less documented, at least in some Indian settings. Objectives: This study was to describe the extent of the NP practice in managing chronic disease and examine self-perceived competency across core clinical and educational domains, and activity options, in addition to exploring the regulatory, organizational, and interprofessional factors that make possible or hinder the NP effectiveness in Osmanabad district, Maharashtra. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 80 conveniently selected NPs employed in primary and community health centres of Osmanabad. A self-assessment questionnaire was validated and used to assess five domains: clinical assessment, treatment and medication management, patient education and self-management support, care coordination, and system roles. The Likert-scale items were analysed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, frequencies), and open-ended responses were subjected to thematic analysis between two independent researchers to identify the barriers and facilitators. Results: NPs performed history-taking (mean 4.6 ± 0.5) as well as initiating pharmacotherapy according to guidelines (4.4 ± 0.6) with high competence, indicating their good clinical basis. Adverse-event monitoring (3.9 ± 0.9) and telehealth follow-up (3.9 ± 0.9) scores were below average for continued education. A high degree of commitment to patient empowerment for self-management was indicated for patients' understanding of the disease process (4.5 ± 0.6) and for showing them how to perform self-monitoring (4.3 ± 0.7) (domains of patient education). Regulatory and restricted diagnostic authority and restricted diagnostic authority were primary barriers, and supportive interdisciplinary teams and access to decision-support tools were key facilitators, as revealed by thematic analysis. Conclusion: Nurse practitioners in Osmanabad are significant providers of care for chronic disease, but need further training in the management of adverse events and telehealth delivery. And so, policy reforms that are providing NPs with diagnostic and prescriptive autonomy, that are being combined with structured capacity-building interventions, will maximize the impact and influence of their contributions.