Labour pain is among the most intense forms of physiological pain a woman can experience. Epidural analgesia is widely accepted as the most effective method for managing labour pain. This article reviews the procedure, pharmacology, maternal and neonatal outcomes, advantages, limitations, and the latest updates in epidural pain management.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented demands on healthcare systems worldwide. Nurses, as frontline caregivers, play a critical role in the management, prevention, and control of COVID-19 infections. Adequate knowledge among nurses is essential to ensure effective patient care and reduce transmission risk in healthcare settings. Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding COVID-19 patient management in a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh and to analyze factors associated with their knowledge levels. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study design was used and sample size 320 that was convenient sampling technique followed those who meet the inclusion criteria and to assess the state of knowledge of nurses in COVID-19 patients’ management in a tertiary level hospital at Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur. The study was conducted from January 2020 to December, 2020. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire which composed of two parts: Demographic variables, and knowledge on management based information on covid-19. Result: The findings revealed that the highest, 45.3% from 36 –5 years age group and 93.1% nurses were female, in educational qualification were diploma in nursing 86.6 %, and 85.3% were married and 53.8% were less than 5 years working experiences. This study's main findings revealed the average 52% respondent’s knowledge was good, as well as 28% respondent’s knowledge was fair, and 20% respondent’s knowledge was poor about covid-19 management. Regarding the association, the finding was a significance association present between nurse’s work experiences and level of knowledge of nurses on prevention and control of COVID-19 (χ2 = 23.06, P<.003). On the other hand, there were no significance association between nurse’s educational qualification and level of knowledge of nurses on prevention and control of COVID-19 (χ2 = 8.47, P<.076). It’s may due to their clinical experiences. Conclusion: The findings suggested for improving the situation of nurses about health care associated knowledge by training, higher education, seminar and workshop of COVID-19 patient management in a tertiary level hospital and providing comprehensive psychological support to the nurses in order to prevent stress disorder.

Background: Menstruation is a universal and normal phenomenon during the reproductive age of females. Adolescent is an essential period where females are preparing and adjusting themselves to manage their menstrual bleeding in safe and clean way. Menstrual hygiene forms a definite part in the life, of the development of the girl’s child in schools and the general development of women of boarder the context. Globally there were 1.2 billion adolescent girls in the year 2009 which forms eighteen percent of the world’s population. In Bangladesh, there are approximately 27.7 million adolescents and 13.7 million girls, one-fifth of the total population. Aim of the study: The aimed was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding the menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at Yakubia Girl’s High School, Bogura. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study design was used and sample size 120 that was simple random sampling technique followed those who meet the inclusion criteria and to assess the knowledge and practice regarding the menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. The study was conducted from December, 2024 to May, 2025. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire which composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on menstrual hygiene. Result: The findings of the current study reported that the average knowledge score 60% were moderate and 40% were low level of practice regarding the menstrual hygiene. A possible reason for this could not be the wide availability of water and soap in schools and other facilities. Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene is an essential component of adolescent health, playing a pivotal role in individuals' overall wellbeing and development. The menstrual hygiene practices in Bangladesh can help policymakers and program developers design effective interventions to improve menstrual hygiene, such as promoting education, providing access to affordable hygiene products, and improving sanitation facilities for adolescent girls