Background: Medical waste is a source of generation of hazardous biomedical waste and its generation and disposal is an important aspect. With the rapid rise in the number of confirmed cases, the amount of COVID-19 related medical waste also increased significantly. Aim: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses toward covid-19 related medical waste management, in hospitals of Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia. Method: This was a descriptive cross- sectional study. A pilot study was carried out on a sample of 10% of sample to test the feasibility of the study and clarity and applicability of the tool. A constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data .The collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social studies (SPSS) version 20. Result: Most (86.2%) of the participants had guidelines in hospital regarding medical waste during the Covid-19 period. More than third (35.2%) had a high Knowledge rate of hospital waste disposal (5th levels), 30.3% had 4th level, 24.8% had 3rd level of knowledge rate of hospital waste disposal. Regarding the attitude of participants toward hospital waste disposal during covid-19 outbreak, 71.0%strongly agree and 22.8% agree that gloves are necessary for handling medical wastes, 69.0% strongly agree 23.4% agree that wearing PPE decreases the risk of contracting infection at the hospital. There was a significant relation between years of experience and frequency of separation of medical waste from general waste, cleaning the spills of liquid Medical waste immediately with proper procedure and sorting the medical waste during collection. Conclusions: Most of the hospital had guidelines regarding medical waste disposal during the Covid-19 period. Nurses have a good level of knowledge, a good attitude, a good practice regarding the medical waste disposal during the Covid-19 period.

Recently, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) were regarded as an important factor implicating the majority of health care facilities. This study identified the effectiveness of electronic health records to health care outcomes and determined the challenges experienced by health practitioners while putting EHRs into practice. The research was descriptive and cross-sectional. The study was conducted in selected government and private hospitals throughout Saudi Arabia's regions. A sample of three hundred twenty (N = 320) health practitioners who are members of the medical department, nursing department, and paramedical department were the participants of the study. A self-structured questionnaire, which included questions about the effectiveness of EHRs in five categories: quality of patient care, patient engagement, support team-based care, workload, data liquidity; and challenges in the implementation of electronic health records, was the tool utilized for data collection. Data were analyzed with the mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis’s tests, and Spearman's rho. The study revealed that EHRs are moderately effective in improving health care outcomes. Age, place of work, and years of experience with the use of EHRs are critical indicators of effectiveness, but health practitioners’ discipline is not a factor in determining the effectiveness of EHRs use. Health practitioners who apply EHRs to improve health care outcomes particularly to support team-based care face more challenges in their implementation.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of the epidemic outbreak in the health zone of Dungu with low routine vaccination coverage of children aged 0 to 59 months in VAR, in order to contribute to the implementation specific strategies to prevent new outbreaks. Method: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive epidemiological study. It focused on an exhaustive evaluation of all cases of measles confirmed by epidemiological link declared in the Dungu health zone during the period from April to December 2019 and on the evaluation of the response implemented. A comprehensive literature review was conducted taking into account all confirmed measles cases from the period April to December 2019, residing in Dungu health zone and notified to the national health system report database. health information (SNIS) and data on the response to this epidemic. The information collected was entered on Epi Info in a mask designed for this purpose. Results: The results show that out of a total of 5616 children targeted for measles vaccination in the health zone in 2019, 2117 cases (38%) of measles were confirmed. But thanks to adequate case management and the implementation of sectoral responses, there were only 2.3% of deaths. 70% of cases were confirmed on the basis of the existence of an epidemiological link with one or more confirmed cases. Just over half of the measles cases were male, or 58%. The epidemic age peak is 13-24 months (67.4%), more than the majority of measles patients (78.9%) have never been vaccinated against measles. Only 446 measles patients, or 21%, received a dose of measles vaccine (VAR). None of the measles patients received 2 or more doses of VAR. The Moussa health area was most affected by measles, ie 38.5%, followed by Wandote 22.5% and Sambia 16.8%. Conclusion: In order to avoid such epidemics in the future, it is recommended to make parents aware of the interest of vaccination, to combine vaccination systematically with activities of vitamin A supplementation and deworming with mebendazole wormer, to organize national vaccination campaigns with the targeting of specific groups of children of Mbororo herders, children of gold miners, children from armed groups such as the LRA, children who live in areas where logging is carried out, to institute the second dose of vaccine in the school environment which makes it possible to catch up with children who have missed the first vaccination and also to correct primary vaccination failures in those who have been vaccinated.

Background: The prevalence and impact of nosocomial infections, the importance of infection control measures, and the role of nurses in preventing and managing these infections. It could also discuss previous research on the topic and identify gaps in knowledge or areas for further investigation. Nosocomial infections challenge healthcare and cause prolonged recovery and death if untreated. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause these infections. Objective: The study also aimed to highlight the importance of continuous education for registered nurses to improve their efficiency in preventing nosocomial infections. Material and Method: This descriptive observational study was conducted at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, in Bangladesh, from July to November 2019. The relationships between nurse’s knowledge and practice, with a sample size of 200 nurse’s. The age range of the participants was 30-35 years (40%), 36-40 years (20%), 41-45 years (16%), 46-50 years (16%), and 50+ years (8%). Females constituted 89% of the sample, with 76% having a diploma in nursing and midwifery, 12% having a B.Sc. in nursing, and 12% having an M.Sc./MPH. Result: According to a survey of nurse’s, 86% knew about nosocomial infections, with 74% citing improper sterilization as the main cause and 66% aware of risk factors. Most believed they spread in hospitals (64%), and poor health status was a primary risk factor (64%), with 92% received health education, and 98% received help with investigations. Tuberculosis was the most common organism responsible (60%) followed by Candida albicans (26%). Primary risk factors were poor health status (64%) and surgical drains (10%). Disinfection of patient equipment (72%) was the most effective barrier, and urinary tract infections (66%) were the most common complication. Environmental changes (70%) were considered the best prevention method. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for registered nurses to stay up-to-date with infection control and sterile technique principles to prevent nosocomial infections. To effectively care for both the mother and the newborn, it is necessary to determine the best approach to them both for the entirety of the pregnancy.