The clinical healthcare system has been burdened due to various disease outbreak such as COVID 19 outbreak. Clinical Workloads on healthcare workers and practitioners lead to fatigue and mental exhaustions, causing medical errors. About 98 000 patients globally expires due to preventable medical errors in hospitals due to workload of health practitioners. (Philibert, et al., 2002) The majority of mistakes are made by well-meaning people operating under poor systems, procedures, or circumstances. The healthcare workers and physicians have been facing intense workloads due small workforce, physician working hours and financial pressures on hospitals and healthcare centers. However, very limited research has been conducted on association of workload of healthcare workers and safety of patients. Therefore, we aimed to design the systematic review on evaluation of effect of increasing the health practitioner’s workload on patients and their safety. To fulfill aims of study, we conducted a systematic review & meta-analysis by following “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” (Selçuk, 2019) guidelines related to title which was “effect of increasing the health practitioner’s workload on patients and their safety”. About 5 databases were used for data search, collection and extraction include PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBSE, Cochrane library, and PsycInfo, on 2 November, 2022. To search data, we used MeSH keywords of “effect of workload on health practitioners”, “Healthcare workers workload” “its effects on patients’ safety, effect of workload on medical errors” “Mental stress among workers” and “patient safety” among all databases. Only those research articles were extracted that have been published during March 2020 to October 2022, keeping the COVID 19 pandemic in context. There were five qualitative studies that evaluated the value of psychological treatment for mental illness. Stress resulting from worries about infecting close relatives and anxiety and fear of getting infection worries about the health professionals were two interwoven elements in all five investigations. Our findings could be explained by an increase in resident physician workload that followed programmers’ elimination of 24-hour shifts. There is evidence to suggest that patient safety may suffer when healthcare workers and doctors care for more than more patients each day.

Background: Smoking is the non-communicable and chronic disease of lungs. This study determines the rate of prevalence and determinants of smoking among school students in rural community of Lahore. Significance: This study was conducted to determine the factors that effects on their health status include both physiological and psychological status and how it influences on their personality development. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional quantitative study was conducted at Malikpur community Lahore. Researchers collected the sample by using simple random sampling technique. Total out of 90 students the 73 students voluntarily participated in this study. Result: The findings of the study showed that prevalence of smoking among school students was 30.1% in which the female students was excluded.15.1% students smoke for pleasure seeking while 5.5% smoke due to stress and 4.1% smoke because of peers pressure and 2.7% smoke due to curiosity. Conclusion: There is a need to conduct preventive programs to focus on various social and behavioral aspects to help in smoking cessation and reduce prevalence and determinants of smoking.

Nurses are the primary care givers in hospitals and are more likely to encounter violence because of the amount of time spent in direct patient care. This study aimed to explore recent workplace violence literature against nurses in Saudi Arabia in terms of prevalence, precipitating factors and recommendations for prevention. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Wiley, and Cochrane Library were searched. Study articles were screened by title and abstract then a full-text assessment was implemented. Violence against nurses could be in various forms of aggression and bullying that often manifests as verbal abuse, physical abuse, and emotional torture, which is cruel, rude, vindictive, humiliating and/or offensive. It is a public health and legal problem. Nurses are most of the healthcare workforce in Saudi Arabia, and more likely to encounter violence. Violence against nurses impairs job performance after the incident. It also reduces job satisfaction and may compel nurses to leave their job. Perpetrators are found to be patients, relatives, and co-workers. Improving health security system and increasing staffing and their training on proper dealing with violence are highly recommended. Also, enforcing rules and regulations is an important demand to control and prevent violence against health care workers.

Background: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease known to occur in adolescent age group. There are many myths and misconceptions in adolescent as well regarding the prevention and treatment of acne. Objectives: The main goal of this study to assess awareness regarding acne vulgaris among adolescent students in Kamel Ibrahim and Abdulla Ibn Abbas secondary school in Shendi town. Method: This was descriptive study conducted among 100 students in secondary schools, data was collected by self-administered structured questionnaire using multistage stratified sample. Data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS) version (20). Result: The study clarified that approximately half (49%) of study group their age between (13- 15) years, while (56%) of them had poor knowledge about definition of acne also (16%),(12%) of them had fair knowledge about type and site respectively and majority (88%) (83%) of them had poor knowledge about psychological problem and prevention of acne. Conclusion: The finding of the study pointed out that students had low level of awareness regarding acne in spite of it appear in this period.