Background: Health care associated infections and emerging multi drug resistance in nosocomial pathogens is perceived as a serious public health threat with grievous concerns. Hand hygiene if practiced properly is cheapest, simplest and most effective tool in tackling this problem. The objective of this study was conducted to assess levels of knowledge, attitude and practice in various aspects of hand hygiene in undergraduate nursing students in the study area for identifying gaps for planning necessary corrective measures. Methods: A cross sectional study involving self-administered pre-structured anonymous questionnaires administered to all undergraduate nursing students (182) enrolled at Shalmar Nursing College Lahore, Pakistan. Results: Most of the study participants exhibited moderate levels of knowledge and practice with marginal difference while attitude were found to exhibit a remarkably higher, difference being statistically significant. Conclusions: This study stresses upon the growing need for prompt interventions at institutional level for addressing the gaps evident from the study.

Introduction: Most people infecting with the SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing mild to severe respiratory illness. Individual knowledge and attitude will improve practices towards covid-19 prevention and precaution measures and it is essential to control the spread of disease. Hence the aim of the study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among undergraduate students as students pays important role in the society. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study was carried out with 60 samples that met the inclusion criteria were selected using convenience sampling technique. Google form was used to collect the data among participants. It contains multiple choice questionnaire regarding demographic variables, knowledge, attitude c, and practice towards COVID-19. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The finding of the study reveals that out of 60 participants, 34(56.67%) had moderate knowledge, 47(78.33%) had favorable attitude and 49(81.67%) had adequate practice through COVID-19 preventive measures. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between knowledge and practice, knowledge and attitude and attitude and practice at the level of p<0.0001. Chi-square test reveals that there is a significantly association between the level of knowledge and practice with selected demographic variables of gender and year of study at the level of p<0.05 and there is no significant association between attitudes with a selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Findings of the present study revealed that, the arts and science college students had generally a moderate level of knowledge, possess a positive attitude, and performed a good practice and active behaviors of preventive measures towards COVID-19. The need to improve the knowledge to promote positive attitude and practice related to updated trends regarding COVID-19. The result of this study may be utilized as a baseline for planning awareness campaigns in the future.

Background: A memory mostly depends on the attention and emotional environment of a child. Memory also indicates effective retrieval of experiences of the past. The power of memorization varies from person to person. The aim of the study was to assess the long term memory and problem related to memory of school going children of age group of 6-8 years in selected school. Materials and Methods: Mixed method (Convergent parallel design) research design was used in the study. An evaluative and phenomenological approach was used in the study. Memory Package designed introduced for the school going children. The study sample consisted of 80 children and their parents in a selected school. Total 6 days intervention program was planned for the children, hence the delayed post -test was conducted before giving memory package and post –test done after 6 day. Result revealed that the Memory Package helped children to improve long-term memory. In pre-test 53 children had inadequate, 26 children had moderate and 1 child had adequate memory post-test showed memory package helped to improve long term memory . It 55 children had moderate long term and 30 children is had adequate long term memory. The pre -test, post -test difference highest in the area of “one minute attention span test” and lowest in the area of “sound test” and highest SD difference in the area of “problem solving puzzles “and lowest in “mental sums”. Partially quantitative data was collected by parent’s dialogue and it showed that memory package is helped to improve long term memory children. Results: Short term memory was converted to long term memory for the children by information processing. If parents are involving and concerned about this memory training will show better performance memory in children. Conclusion: Memory package is help to improve the long term memory of school going children.

Background: The burden of living with pediatric end-stage renal disease (ESRD) impacts quality of life (QOL), a concept that has been commonly associated with adherence, morbidity, and health outcomes. There are many definitions for QOL but they rarely take the pediatric perspective into consideration and they may not apply perfectly to Muslim and Arabic societies. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to clarify the concept of QOL and identify the conceptualizations behind it and to provide some insights to QOL research in children and in the Arab world. Results: The defining attributes of QOL include the level of satisfaction, the individual perception of well-being, and the life domains. QOL is defined as a subjective evaluation of satisfaction of well-being across life domains based on individual perception of life in the context of culture, values, and beliefs. The antecedents of QOL include cognitive capacity, basic functioning ability, and life events. The consequences of QOL include happiness and goals accomplishment. QOL is measured using generic and disease specific measures which ask individuals to rate their satisfaction with life domains such as physical, emotional, social, and vocational. In children, QOL measures consider developmental changes, cognitive abilities, and parent-proxy reports. In the Arab world, QOL is rarely defined or measured from an Arabic and Islamic perspective. Conclusion: All attempts must be made to address QOL from a cultural, linguistic, and developmental standpoint that can reflect the complex nature of QOL in the pediatric population.

Background: Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are effective clinical evaluation method. In nursing education OSCEs have been used in a limited way with few reports at the graduate level. Objective: This paper is a review of the literature presenting the advantages and disadvantages of using OSCEs in advanced nursing education. Method: Nine studies from advanced practice education and eight studies in undergraduate education were reviewed for advantages and disadvantaged of OSCEs/SPs. Results: OSCEs are objective, valid, reliable and offer opportunities for students to practice wide range of clinical skills. However, OSCEs are expensive and constitute a source of anxiety among students. Nevertheless, students valued the OSCE experience and educators confirmed that its benefits outweigh its cost. Conclusion: The advantages of the OSCEs are greatly supported in the literature. However, OSCEs are better used in addition to, not to replace, the currently used methods.

Background: Internet is an important tool of modern society used frequently for communication and information sharing and become an integral part of the daily lives for every one even child. Internet addiction in children is a mental disorder that negatively affects their life and their health. Aim: to assess negative health effects on addiction of internet among primary schools students in Zagazig city. Design: A Cross-sectional descriptive design. Setting: at six primary schools, at Zagazig city. Subjects: 300 students were selected using a multistage random sample technique. Tools: Interview Questionnaire sheet, Internet Addictive Behavior Scale, Negative Health Effects of Internet Use and Knowledge related to internet. Results: the mean age of the students was 17.2±0.824, 76.80% of them were highly internet addicted and the majority of related contributed risk factors for being addicted to internet were Online gaming internet, Entertainments ,Build relationships with others , and Using social networks, with percentage (99%, 95.3%, 88.6%, and 84.6%) respectively, there were highly statistical significance relation between total internet addiction degree and contributed risk factors to internet addiction regarding difficulties to relate socially, availability/ accessibility to use internet , using social networks at (p-value = 0.02*). Also, 75.7% of them had unsatisfactory total knowledge score related to internet addiction. Additionally there were highly statistically significant positive correlation among students total score of total internet addiction and total negative health effects of internet addiction (r =.0638**), Conclusion: most of the students had high degree of internet addiction, also they were highly negatively affected on their physical, social, cultural, economic, and psychological health related to excessive internet use. Recommendations: organize training programs involving parents, schools, social workers and psychologists of educational organization to raise public awareness on proper Internet use and increase awareness among primary students about Internet addiction and its negative health effects.