Background: Increased workload and safety concerns have major psychological effects on healthcare personnel. Since the introduction of vaccination, there is some improvement in transmission and severity of Covid-19 symptoms. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which was done at Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of vaccination or being vaccinated on stress among nurses working in a tertiary care hospital. We calculated the sample size as 68. We used the Perceived stress scale (PSS) in our study. We gave the questionnaire comprising PSS questions to nurses from different wards. We calculated the mean, standard deviation, frequency count, and percentages for the perceived stress. Results: The mean PSS-10 score was 17.52 (SD: 6.40) with a range between 0 and 31. Thirteen (19.4 %) nurses had low stress and 51 (76.11 %) nurses had moderate stress while 3 (4.4 %) nurses had high stress. Conclusion: Vaccination against Covid-19 has made significant improvement in stress level among nurses during current pandemic.

Introduction: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the newly developed respiratory disease that is caused by a novel Corona virus which was first testified in Wuhan, China in December 2019.The common clinical manifestations of this highly infectious disease, fever, dry cough, tiredness and less common symptoms are aches, pain, sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, headache, loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes. The most Serious symptoms which can put the patient in life threatening condition are difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain or pressure, loss of speech or movement (WHO, 2020). The health care workers' adherence to the recommended measures taken to prevent trans mission are inevitable to minimize the increasing number of COVID-19 cases. This can be achieved by enhancing knowledge, positive attitudes, and infection control practices of the frontline workers. Objective: To analyze the covid-19 fear and anxiety among health care professionals especially front line nurses who are putting their efforts to serve and save life of public at a tertiary care hospital Lahore. Evaluate the psychological impact of COVID -19 on nurses. Every one suffers a great fear but this pandemic and lack of proper research based articles and increased mortality rate leads to psychological stress among nurses. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional quantitative study; Nurses who were directly in contact with infected or suspected COVD-19 patients on the frontline were invited to participate by random sampling method. An international standardized psychological impact questionnaire was used to see the psychological impact of COVID-19 on nurses. Data was collected by the researchers through electronic media. Results: Result from 10 May 2021, a Total of 100 electronic questionnaires were collected, of which 20 questionnaires were excluded because of the uncompleted answer finally 80 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis. All the analysis were conducted using SPSS Descriptive statistic were presented as frequency and constituent ratio mean and standard deviation SD were calculated for quantitative variables such as age, according to the data type. Categorical variables such as gender, marital status education, and family type were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Psychological impact of COVID-19 was coded as dichotomous variables and licked scale according to the evaluation method of the scale. thus the relationship between psychological impact and categorical variable Age, Gender, education level etc, was analysis by Chi-square test, the comparison of psychological impact among nurses the four point Likert scale of worried ness such as “Never” “ Sometime” “ Often” “ Always”. Liner regression model were developed to explore the impact association among health care and to estimate the possible, demographic predictors by using unadjusted and adjusted model of Age, Gender. Marital status, education. Conclusion: The study result revealed that 88.8% of the frontline nurses experienced psychological distress, evidenced by their score on the GHQ. 68.8% nurse was suffered from insomnia due to excessive stress. 80.0% nurses always feel you under tension due to performing duty on COVID19.only 60.0% nurses were enjoyed their leisure time after their shift. The nurses 52.5% said they understand that they can’t solve problems.

The act of inhalation and exhalation is called breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs the ventilation and perfusion are called respiration. Impaired breathing or any limitation in breathing can lead to various problems, and this limitation or impairment can be due to therapeutic surgeries and general anesthesia. The study aims at efficacy assessment of respiratory exercises on selected respiratory parameters. Recording of the respiratory parameters before and after respiratory exercises was done among post-operative laparotomy patients. Association of the socio-demographic variable with post-exercise respiratory parameter scores was calculated with help of the chi-square test. An experimental research design was adopted and a consecutive sampling technique was used to select 50 subjects. Data was obtained from study subjects with the help of Performa developed consists of Part-A –sociodemographic profile. Part- B – format for recording the measurements of selected respiratory parameters. Part-C – protocol on respiratory parameters. Part- D – Protocol on respiratory exercise. Approval was taken from the research and ethical committee of the institution. Data analysis was done. Result concluded that there was no significant difference between the pretest and post score of the experiment group. It can be due to the smaller sample size (n=25). However, it can be established with a lower sample size. On other hand, the “t” value calculated between control and experiment study reviled significant difference therefore conclusion was drawn that respiratory exercises were effective to bring change in respiratory parameters

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has required the world’s educational sector to rapidly adjust its delivered methods and not to be too dependent on face-to-face interactions. The Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia took advantage of what was already a well-developed common digital platform to extend its use of multimedia remote working. Aim and methods: This integrative review aims to address the effectiveness of multimedia distance education on university students and in particular nurses’ knowledge and skill development. Result: Eighteen articles were included and organized into two themes: what Types of multimedia methods are there in use for skills development and effectiveness of multimedia methods at augmenting practical skills in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Summary: The challenge in the post-pandemic era for Saudi health care education is to conduct a fresh examination of how and what types of e-learning or m-learning can supplement or augment nurses knowledge and practical skills development. However, the principal lesson to be learnt from this review is that the technological development and design of any of the systems has to meaningfully address the learners' needs and not just simply drive learning per se. Key messages: Saudi Arabia’s Universities are well situated to take full advantage of the expansion of e-learning initiatives. Nursing Departments need to explore the use of augmented reality to improve the development of practical knowledge and skill, but what is developed must be driven by the learner’s individual ability and needs.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health, one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Actually, TB is curable disease if the patients adhere and treatment be effective. This study aims to identify factors related to medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients. This study was a systematic literature review by identifying cross-sectional study, published in 2016-2021, in English and Indonesian, and full-text. The electronic database that used was Google Scholar and Science Direct with the keywords “Factors” “Medication” AND “Adherence” “TB Pulmonary”. The results obtained 10 articles that related to medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients. There were five dimensions of factors: therapeutic factors, health system factors, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors, and family support factors. Health workers need to consider these factors so that medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients will increase.

Background: Following the current Sars Cov2 pandemic, cross-reactivity was proposed as a mechanism that could explain the immunopathology associated with coronavirus infection. The rationale is that the exchange of peptide motifs between Sars Cov2 and human proteins could elicit immune responses capable of attacking not only the virus but also human proteins with the consequent autoimmune pathological sequelae in the human host. Methodology: A mini narrative review was carried out through various databases from October 2020 to January 2021; the search and selection of articles was carried out in journals indexed in English and Spanish. The following keywords were used: Molecular mimicry, Sars-CoV-2, Covid-19. Results: There is solid evidence that shows the existence of a link between Sars Cov2 infection and autoimmunity induced by the phenomenon of molecular mimicry. Conclusions: This review offers information based on the available evidence about the phenomenon of molecular mimicry in Sars Cov2.

Introduction: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to share insights, research findings and discuss key issues related to workload factors and their influence on the wellbeing of ICU nurses working in a Saudi Arabian. Design/Methodology/approach: The authors used a mixed method approach and using a convergent parallel mixed methods design. A qualitative and quantitative approach was adopted for the study that sampled national and foreign nationals ICU nurses to explore the various workload factors that influenced their wellbeing within the ICU environment during direct patient care. Results: The findings from the study were aligned to the JDR Model and provided evidence that ICU nurses experienced various workload factors that influenced their wellbeing and productivity within the ICU environment. The research paper has provided a platform for ICU nurses to voice their concerns on workload influencing their wellbeing in the critical care environment and cry out for the need of support and wellbeing program for the organisation to overcome workload factors experienced. Research limitations/implications: The limitation that was faced by the researcher was the timeline for conducting the current research, which was governed by the University’s policies and protocol. Identified various workload factors and its influence on ICU nurses wellbeing guided the study findings to formulate a comprehensive managerial framework as a support for nurses specifically coping strategies for the organisation. This will assist nurses in all other sectors of the organisation to utilise such employee wellness programs in coping with workload factors influencing their wellbeing. Practical Implications: Healthcare organisation across the globe is challenged to achieve nurse workforce stability, safety, and well-being. It was evident that the participants experienced many workload challenges that influenced their wellbeing within the various ICUs. This study sets out the key messages for health care managers to empower and to meet the needs of ICU nurse related to health and well-being. The findings formed the foundation for management contribution to provide improved and seamless support to the health and well-being of ICU nurses. This approach is a guide to support the nurses and implement employee well-being programs to leverage off the work demands and stress within the health care sector. Originality/Value: This paper explores the various workload factors experienced by ICU nurses and its influence on their wellbeing in A Saudi Arabian Hospital from national and international perspectives. The authors were able to explore various workload factors from diverse population and multi-cultural backgrounds within the organisation. The value of the research will enable health care organisations locally and internationally to ensure that the organisation implements well-being programs as a support for nurses.