The present study was carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antidiabetic activity of Plumeria acuminata leaves. The leaves of Plumeria acuminata was extracted with different solvents and phytochemical investigations were done for all extracts using standard procedures. In vitro anti-diabetic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Plumeria acuminata (MEPA) was evaluated using α-amylase inhibition assay. The percentage inhibition increased in a dose dependent manner. In this study we investigated the better in vitro anti-diabetic potential of the Plumeria acuminata

Tumors of the central nervous system represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with a varied histopathologic spectrum and a variable frequency. In this study, we retrospectively analysed the epidemiological and the histopathological data of central nervous system tumors collected in our department. This study includes 657 central nervous system tumors histologically diagnosed from 2004 to 2016. It concerns all CNS tumors according to the WHO classification. The characteristics of patients, including age, sex, location, and histologic diagnosis were analyzed. Tumors were equally seen in males and females (sex-ratio=0.99:1). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 38 years. 24% were children and teenagers. The commonest location was intracranial (92.3%). The primary tumors accounted for 92.8% of CNS tumors. Tumors were benign in 53.5% and malignant in 46.5% of cases. The most common histologic type is astrocytic tumors (30%), followed by meningeal tumors (26.7%). In adults, the three commonest categories were meningothelial tumors, astrocytic tumors and oligodendroglial tumors. For children and teenagers, astrocytic tumors were the most prevalent, followed by embryonal tumors and ependymal tumors. There was a male predominance for astrocytic, ependymal and oligodendroglial tumors and medulloblastomas. In contrast, meningiomas and schwannomas were more frequent in female. The most frequent intracranial tumors were astrocytic tumors, meningeal tumors and embryonal tumors. In spinal cord, meningeal tumors, schwannoma and ependymal tumors were the most prevalent. In the absence of a national register of CNS tumors in Morocco, we performed this study which may reflect epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of these tumors in our region. Globally, our results were in accordance with those of other studies around the world. However, we noted a higher proportion of tumors in children and teenagers

Obesity is becoming a major worldwide health problem associated with a number of diseases. Serotonin (5-HT) is a biogenic neurotransmitter with a well-defined network in the central and peripheral nervous system and plays an important role in the regulation of feeding behavior. Studies revealed that high levels of serotonin are associated with reduced energy intake and its level and function is dependent on the availability of its precursor, tryptophan. Several synthetic serotonin agonists are available in the market to reduce body weight but many of these synthetic drugs were found to have certain side effects. Therefore, there is a great need to search for more economical natural serotonin agonists. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb known for many of its beneficial effects. Present work was designed to evaluate the effect of three week’s oral administration of aqueous extract of herbal tea, made from a Chinese herb Ginseng and Malva Verticillata (GMV) on overweight Albino Wistar rats. We found inverse relationship between body weight and serotonin level in whole brain and also found increased levels of tryptophan and serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) in both plasma and whole brain of test animals.

Cardiac problems are encountered in the clinic more nowadays. Many of the cardiac problems and procedures have impact on the Sinu-atrial nodal artery which is the pace-maker of the heart. Variations of Sinu-atrial nodal artery and its knowledge is must in understanding cardiac problems and conducting clinical practices. Thirty hearts from the cadavers were taken for the study. The hearts were dissected, Sino-atrial nodal artery were exposed and analyzed. Sinu-Atrial nodal artery did not arise from arteries other than the right coronary artery. The level of origin differed in different specimens. In 10% of the specimens, it originated from the length interval of 6-10 mm, in 40% from the length interval of 11-15 mm, in 23.33% from the length interval of 16-20 mm, in 13.33% from the length interval of 21-25 mm and in 10% from the length interval of 26-30 mm from the origin of right coronay artery. In one of the specimen it was found to originate from the right coronary artery at a length of 55mm from its origin which was near the inferior margin of the heart. The course was retrocaval in all of the specimens. No extra origin of the artery was found

An attempt was made to validate Sterility Assurance level (SAL) of two Industrial Autoclaves up to 106 Log Reduction by using both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. For gram negative bacteria, a suspension of E. coli was prepared at 108 cfu/ml which was sterilized individually through two autoclaves at 1210C for 20 minutes at three consecutive cycles. Bacterial load was then determined and found 8 log reductions of bacterial growth. For Gram positive bacteria, 12 ampoules of Geobacillus stearothermophilus containing 106 cfu were placed in two Autoclaves. After sterilization, no growth of Geobacillus stearothermophilus was found which also proving the 106 Log Reductions of that sterilization parameters

Stress is a major problem eventually faced by the students during their studies period. There is an imbalance between environmental conditions and ability of individuals to adapt. When it is concerned with medical students, it has been recognized as the major factor responsible for the negative effect on physical and psychological health. To evaluate stress and perception of physical problem with obesity in medical students. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Duwakot from May 2015 to July 2015. This study encompassed 435 medical students- including both sexes aged 17-27 years. A predesigned and structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool and height and weight were measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. In this present study 38.4% (167) were female and 61.6% (268) were male participants. The level of stress was significantly higher in female students when it was compared with male students and various stress associated precipitation factor were also present which was statistically significant as p=<0.05. In this study there was no significant association found between level of stress and perception of physical problem with obesity. Incidence of stress was significantly higher in medical students contributing a leading role in physical and psychological problems. Due to stress students are under the negative effect to perform various activities. The effect of stress and its associated precipitating factor influencing medical student needs to be minimized. The students must practice proper eating behaviors and encourage physical activity to prevent obesity. So, an essential step has to be taken as a first line of detection and defense for better health and wellbeing.

Vinculin is one the most common proteins that have been studied commonly in recent years. Vinculin has anti-tumor effect and loss of vinculin causes development of many cancer types. Because of this Vinculin is a marker and it shoulde be evaluated for invitro and clinical studies. LC/MS based proteomics is the main tool to analyze hundreds of proteins in very short time because it offers high sensitivity and accuracy. Today nano LC is the min tool for LC/MS proteomics researches but UPLC/MS based systems have been developed and offered more robust and easy way for proteomics. In this study we used normal flow UPLC/Q-TOF method to analyze caco-2 colon cancer cell line. One of our targets for this study was to identify Vinculin as a cancer marker. We digested proteins from caco-2 cells and analyzed with UPLC/MS. Recorded MS/MS data was used with Maxquant bioinformatic system. We identified 5 unique peptides that belonged to Vinculin. We used 20 ppm mass tolerance for amino acid sequence matching with uniprot human database. We made three raplicate to observe identification reprocubility. Also We used label free quantification method and calculated vinculin intensity

Eyebrow reconstruction is very challenging especially in cases of large defects exceeding half of the eyebrow length. In such cases, hair grafting is the first choice in women, whereas hair-bearing flaps are used in male patients desiring a wider and fuller eyebrow. We report a case of a female in whom a superficial temporal artery island flap allowed one-stage eyebrow repair with a very good aesthetic outcome

Mediastinal teratoma is a germinal tumor that results from embryologic disorders or germ primitive cells in the mediastinum. It’s a retrospective study concerning 5 patients addressed to our center for mediastinal tumor. Main symptoms were chest pain, dyspnea and pleural effusion syndrome. Computer tomography and chest x-rays were done for 4 patients. We found a bulky mass in left pleura, an anterior and right mediastinal Cyst, an anterior and left upper mediastinal Cyst, a bulky mass anterior in the mediastinum. In one patient, echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion with compression of cardiac chambers. Surgery was cystectomy through a posterolateral thoracotomy in many cases or a median sternotomy in one case. There was any major complication. Mediastinal teratoma have to be suspected in a tumor at the chest x-rays of a young adult. Its treatment remains complete resection of the tumor by surgery to avoid a recurrence tumor

In the present work, two simple and sensitive UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the quantitative estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Benfotiamine in combination using bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Method A is Simultaneous equation method which involves measurement of absorbance at selected wavelength and solving the simultaneous equation to calculate the amount of drug present. Distilled water was used as the solvent for the analysis of both drugs. Two wavelengths 230 and 246 nm were selected for the estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Benfotiamine. LOD for Metformin Hydrochloride and Benfotiamine were found to be 0.03µg/ml and 0.27µg/ml respectively. Method validation was done as per ICH guidelines. Method B is Absorbance ratio method which involves, formation of Q-Absorbance equation at 239 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 246 nm (λmax of Benfotiamine) in distilled water. The Linearity lies between 2-16 µg/ml for Metformin Hydrochloride and 2-18 µg/ml for Benfotiamine with r2=0.999 and 0.998 respectively. LOD for both drugs were found to be 0.16 µg/ml and 0.3 µg/ml respectively. Method validation was done as per ICH guidelines

Hearing plays a key role in learning to talk. Early screening of newborns for hearing impairment is essential as treatment is most successful when identified early. The study assessed the challenges associated with screening and early detection of hearing impairment among children in the Kumasi metropolis and focused on the services available for screening of hearing impairment among children and the effects of the challenges of screening and early detection of hearing impairment. The study employed a qualitative approach. Purposive and convenience sampling were used to select 15 participants. An interview guide was adopted to capture the responses of participants on voice recorder. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse themes generated from the data according to the objectives. The study found that, hearing screening services for children included OAEs, pure tone testing, behavioral assessment and school outreach programs but health personnel are faced with challenges in undertaking these services. Challenges such as lack of enough funds, insufficient tools and equipment, few numbers of health personnel and low patronage of hearing screening services limited health personnel’s ability to provide effective hearing screening services to children. The study therefore recommends that the ministry of health constructs audiology units in every region in Ghana and supply the units with the tools and equipment needed for work. The study further recommends that, the ministry of health in collaboration with ministry of education should assist in training more audiologists and make school screening programs a long term national policy.

Myasthenia gravis is a rare disorder of autoimmune origin, caused by dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission. Clinically it manifested by a muscular weakness accentuated to the effort. We report the results of a retrospective study of 18 cases of myasthenia gravis in the department of neurology of the military hospital Moulay Ismail of Meknes during a period of 10 years. The sex ratio for our patients was 3.5. 67% of them were between 20 and 40 years old. The average deadline to diagnosis was two years. A personal history of Graves’ disease was present in 11% of our patients and type 1 diabete in siblings in 11% of cases. The inaugural symptoms were progressive in 50 % of the cases, affecting mainly the eye (94 %), the pharyngo-laryngeal region (67 %) the jaw (44 %), the roots of the members (33 %), the infringement of the respiratory muscles (22 % of the cases) and the fall of the head (6 %). The generalized form of the disease predominated at the time of diagnosis (67%), and the search for anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-RAch) antibodies was positive in 89% of the cases. Thoracic imaging revealed thymoma in 33% of cases and thymic hyperplasia in 17% of cases. All patients received an acetyl cholinesterase inibitor. 33% of the patients in our series required a background treatment, consisting of corticosteroids alone (22%) or corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents (11%). Thymectomy was performed in 56% of our patients

Effective care can reduce almost 3 of the 4 million deaths of babies under-one month. Essential newborn care should be applied immediately after the baby is born and continued for at least the first 7 days after birth. Study was aimed to assess the knowledge and practice on essential newborn care among primipara mothers. A hospital based cross sectional was conducted with 60 samples who met the inclusion criteria by using convenient sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and check list was used to collect the data and data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The present study observed that out 60 samples, 16(26. 7%) had inadequate knowledge, 30(50%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge and 14(23.3%) of them had adequate knowledge. Regarding practice 16(26. 7%) of them had poor practice, 28(46. 7%) had good practice and eight (26. 6%) had best practice. There is a positive correlation between the level of knowledge and level of practice on essential newborn care among primipara mothers and but not statistically significant. Health care professionals are actively participating in providing health education to the antenatal mother regarding essential newborn care and creating environmental conditions for better hygiene and reduced exposure to contamination makes children less susceptible to diseases and infections that may lead to death there by can improve health status of the newborn and reduced the newborn mortality rate.

Single Cell Protein (SCP) can be obtained from various microorganisms by growing them on a number of types of substrates, including industrial products waste. This work focuses on non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, and its application in the process of production of valuable components like SCP and amino acids. It also analyses the possibility of using obtained biomass as a dietary supplement for humans. Y. lipolytica is nonpathogenic to humans and has been approved for use in several industrial processes as it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The results of our analyses suggest that the Y. lipolytica A-101 – a strain growing in biofuel production waste is a good candidate for a source of high-quality yeast protein (40-50% of dried biomass) and exogenous amino acids (phenylalanine 3.9 g, isoleucine 4.4 g, leucine 6.8 g, lysine 7.0 g, methionine 1.2 g, threonine 4.8 g, tryptophan 4.7 g, valine 5.3 g/100 g of protein). Y. lipolytica A-101 biomass has also very low nucleic acids concentration (below 1%) due to activation of endogenous nucleases in the final stage of the stationary phase. These enzymes reduce the amount of nucleic acids in this biomass from a high level to one acceptable for human consumption. Moreover, Y. lipolytica A-101 biomass is safe and digestible since the yeast cells get killed in the drying process and has no leavening powder with destroyed cell wall. Y. lipolytica A-101 can be used as a nutritional supplement in human diet when an increased intake of amino-acids and SCP is required.

This study was aimed to investigate the association between thyroid disorders and lipid profile in 122 patients (100 females and 22 males ) referred to the Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes at Al –kindy Hospital in Baghdad . For comparison, 60 healthy individuals (31 females and 29 males), who had no thyroid disorders, were also included in the study. Blood samples were collected from both patients and the healthy individuals. Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) technique through using Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) was applied to measure levels of the thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine T3, tetra-iodothyroxine T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). From the results obtained, patients were classified into three groups: 40 were considered as belonging to the controlled * group ( 26 females and 14 males), 57 to the hypothyroidism group (52 females and 5 males) and 25 belonged to hyperthyroidism group ( 22 females and 3 males). Females constituted the vast majority of both healthy and thyroid disorders patients with percentages of (51.7%) and (81.96%), respectively. The results also declared that there was a correlation between increasing the cholesterol level and decreasing level of high density lipoprotein (HDL).

Malignant phyllodes breast tumors (PT) have been reported to present with unusual characteristics, including aggressive growth and high potential of recurrences. We report a case of a 26 year old women presented to our constitution with local reccurence after several surgery of PT in the right breast, who necessited wide resection and reconstruction of the chest wall

Antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of the standard treatment and also increases the risk of spreading the disease to others. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new class of antimicrobials. In such an attempt, benzothiazole schiff base hybrids synthesised were evaluated for antimicrobial potency against E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus, E. faecalis, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei and also an attempt was made to understand their molecular mechanism of action. Some of the benzothiazole schiff base hybrids have exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity with MIC of 3.91µg/ml against S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and E.coli in comparison with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. The molecular mechanism of action of benzothiazole schiff base hybrids was elucidated in both intact bacterial cells and plasmid DNA. The potent antimicrobial activity of the hybrids may be due to membrane perturbing mode of action explicated by membrane depolarization assay and fluorescent assisted cell cytometry (FACS) study on intact bacterial cell. However, the activity may also be due to the intracellular mode of action explicated by DNA cleavage study on plasmid DNA

Posterior shoulder dislocations are still a challenge for the treating physician. The mechanisms of trauma are varied, which complicates diagnosis. Missed or delayed diagnosis and treatment can have serious deleterious effects on shoulder function. Here we present the case of a young patient who suffered a direct trauma on the left shoulder stump, resulting in posterior glenohumeral dislocation, irreducibly orthopedic. Preoperative CT scan and surgical exploration, performed by a delto-pectoral approach, showed the presence of “Hill-Sachs lesion” not exceeding 15% of the humeral circumference, and coming to stop against the posterior border of the glenoid cavity, without ligamentous or capsular interposition. The shoulder was stable after reduction. The surgical procedure was completed by a capsulorraphy, without the need to fill the humeral defect

In present study an attempt has been made to study the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of leaves and flowers of Spilanthes acmella. The leaves and flowers of the plant were collected and subjected for study of their chemical composites and antimicrobial activity of their extracts. The samples were given the code SALS1, SALS2 and SALS3 and SAFS1, SAFS2 and SAFS3 respectively for the extracts of leaves and flowers. The crude extracts of leaves and flowers were prepared by using various solvents like Petroleum ether, Ethanol and double distilled water. All the extracts were used to study their antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria eg. Bacillus subtilis, gram negative bacteria eg. E. coli and K. Pneumonia and anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus Niger. The chemical composition of leaves and flowers like Dry matter, Total ash, Ether extract, Crude fibre, nitrogen, Crude protein, Total carbohydrates, Nitrogen free extract and Organic matter were studied. The results of antimicrobial activity revealed that all the crude extract samples of leaves were found to possess antibacterial property. Maximum inhibition was shown by all the three samples against E. Coli and K. Pneumonia. However the maximum inhibition of growth of E. Coli and Bacillus subtilis was shown by SAFS1 and SAFS2 respectively. All the crude extracts of samples shown antifungal activity against Aspergillus Niger. The samples of leaves were found to be more effective than flowers against the fungal strains of Aspergillus Niger. In present study it has been concluded that the leaves may be used against the infectious diseases caused by E. Coli, K. Pneumonia and A. Niger as herbal medicine

Objectives: To thoroughly evaluate the causes, associated risk factors, and management of anxiety and depression (AD) among young adults by synthesizing current literature. Methods: A thorough search of pertinent databases was done in order to find studies that satisfied the requirements for inclusion. A thorough search of PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Science Direct was conducted to find pertinent literature. Results: Nine studies, including a total of 13628 participants diagnosed with anxiety or depression or both, and 4972 (63.2) of them were males, were included in our data. Earlier use of cannabis, poverty, romantic love, and internet addiction were found to be associated with AD in young adults. Brief psychodynamic therapy seems to be a promising strategy for young adults experiencing mild to moderate AD. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) classes, even for short durations, are also beneficial in treating student patients' AD. Referring patients with more severe symptoms to a psychologist skilled in CBT may be beneficial. Conclusion: The development of AD among young adults is multifactorial. Psychodynamic therapy was recommended for mild to moderate AD, while CBT was proposed for young adults with severe forms. Longitudinal, prospective, and randomized trials are needed to study the interventions that may improve AD among young adults as well as the possible causes.

Optimizing nurse assignments is crucial for maintaining quality care and improving patient outcomes, as nurse staffing represents 40% of hospital costs. A change from assigning nurses at random to using scientific criteria has affected operations, funding, worker happiness, and patient safety. Patient diagnoses, continuity of care, and nurse-to-patient ratios are important factors to take into account. Improving nursing productivity and lowering turnover now depend on skill mapping, which assesses nurses' competencies according to hospital requirements. Improving nurse satisfaction and the caliber of patient care requires effective staffing strategies that are adapted to the needs and acuity of the patients. This review of the literature looks at how skill mapping and acuity tools can be combined to improve patient outcomes, maximize resource usage, and improve nursing activities. It demonstrates how useful Perroca's instrument is in guiding care planning and management decisions.

Introduction: Oligohydramnios, a common amniotic fluid disorder, is marked by reduced fluid volume for gestational age. This study aims to assess its risk factors and clinical outcomes to enhance maternal and neonatal care in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of risk factors and clinical outcomes in pregnancies with oligohydramnios at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at BSMMU, Dhaka, from June 1, 2016, to May 31, 2017, enrolling 200 pregnant women with oligohydramnios. Data on antenatal and postnatal histories, clinical examinations, and investigations were collected. SPSS version 22.0 was used for descriptive analysis of demographics, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and risk factors. Result: In a study of 200 pregnant women with oligohydramnios, the mean age was 23.9 years, with 65.5% aged 20-25. The most common risk factor was idiopathic oligohydramnios at 24.0%. Maternal outcomes revealed 58.0% had normal vaginal deliveries and 42.0% cesarean sections, primarily due to fetal distress. Among neonates, 54.5% were appropriate for gestational age, 70.9% had low birth weight, and 65.4% had APGAR scores below 7 at 1 minute. Conclusion: Oligohydramnios is a prevalent complication in pregnancies that requires vigilant monitoring and timely interventions to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes, given its association with low birth weight and increased cesarean delivery rates.

Introduction: PCOS is a common condition that increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) due to insulin resistance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between PCOS and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and the development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2015 to May 2016. It involved 100 pregnant women, 50 with PCOS and 50 without, who underwent fasting glucose, 2-hour OGTT, and HOMA-IR tests. Data on gestational diabetes and pregnancy complications were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Result: The study revealed that the PCOS group was older (29.4 ± 4.1 years) compared to the Non-PCOS group (27.2 ± 5.0 years), with a higher incidence of GDM (26.00% vs. 10.00%). Pregnancy complications like preterm birth were more common in the Non-PCOS group (24.00%), while GDM occurred more often in the PCOS group (26.00%). Additionally, the PCOS group had higher fasting and 2-hour OGTT glucose levels and showed greater insulin resistance (3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.9). Conclusion: This study confirms that women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and exhibit impaired glucose metabolism, underscoring the importance of close monitoring during pregnancy.

Background: Missing teeth can significantly affect the intercuspal position (ICP) and contribute to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, which in turn impact the overall masticatory function and oral health. This study investigates the effect of missing teeth on ICP and TMJ symptoms and evaluates the outcomes of prosthodontic rehabilitation. Methods: A total of 120 participants with varying patterns of tooth loss were enrolled in the study, which took place from January to December 2016 in the Department of Prosthodontics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Beau-Dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: The study included 69 males (57.5%) and 51 females (42.5%) with a mean age range of 36–50 years (40.8%). The results showed that the shift in ICP was most prominent in participants with posterior tooth loss (80%), followed by mixed tooth loss (85.7%) and anterior tooth loss (71.4%). TMJ symptoms were common, with clicking reported by 41.7% of participants, pain by 29.2%, and restricted movement by 16.7%. After prosthodontic rehabilitation, significant improvements were observed in several measures: occlusal contacts increased from 4.5 ± 1.8 to 7.8 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001), bite force improved from 150 ± 30 N to 320 ± 45 N (p < 0.001), and TMJ symptom severity decreased from 3.8 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 0.8 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Missing teeth have a significant impact on intercuspal position and contribute to TMJ symptoms. Prosthodontic rehabilitation effectively restores ICP, improves bite force, and reduces TMJ symptoms.