In this study, concentration of cross carmelose sodium (CCS), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and maltose have optimized in self-micro emulsified tablet (SMET) of cinnarizine (CNZN), a piperazine derivative antihistaminic drug. The self-micro emulsified liquids (SELS) of CNZN were prepared with Linoleic acid, PEG 400 and Tween 80. The SMET of SELS were prepared by adsorption followed by compression phenomenon using CCS (A), maltose (B) and MCC (C) which were optimized through 23 factorial design considering responses like disintegration time (DT), time for 50 % (t50) and time for 80% (t80) of drug release. Droplet size and turbidity of disintegrated SMET emulsion sample was within 2.58 ± 7.48 to 4.84 ± 5.83 µm and 16.47 ± 6.35 to 27.10 ± 6.12 nephlometric turbidity units (NTU) respectively. The factors A and B were directly and C was inversely related with responses. Response surface methodology was used to predict the levels of the factors A, B and C required for obtaining an optimum formulation with minimum dissolution time. Observed responses were in close agreement with the predicted values of the optimized formulation, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the optimization procedure in developing self-micro-emulsified tablet dosage forms.

Lack of patient’s awareness on the importance of adherence to drug regimen is implicated as one among the several factors affecting patient safety. The impact of non-compliance increases substantially in compromised conditions such as end stage renal diseases (ESRD). It is necessary to explore all possible steps to improve patient compliance. Thus, the current study was carried out to investigate the impact of counseling on provisions of quality of life (QOL) in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis.The data in the present research was obtained from the questionnaire-based study from 150 patients at four different hospitals with inclusion criteria of suffering from kidney failure, receiving dialysis and residents of Riyadh.Our study shows that the vast majority (88%) of the patient under hemodialysis in ESRD are receiving counseling from health care professionals. Most of the patients express their satisfaction for the services provided by health care team (88.7%) and also satisfied with their QOL (78.7%). Patient’s satisfactions were reflected by their daily activities, adherence to medications and enhanced awareness about negative impact of over the counter (OTC) medications. The outcome of the study is very encouraging as most of the patients express their satisfaction on the available counseling services and its impact on their QOL. However, there is a need for disseminating the counseling strategies among all patients in order to attain a widespread enhanced quality of life in patients with ESRD of Riyadh. This study cannot be generalized for the entire Kingdom of Saudi Arabia unless similar prevalence of counseling exists in other part of the Kingdom as seen in Riyadh

Surgical patients constitute a potential source of retroviral infection to health care workers and other hospital in-patients. Though several studies have investigated different aspect of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, among different target groups of people. The current study investigates the knowledge and prevention methods of HIV/AIDS among patients attending surgical outpatient clinics in a teaching hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa. A 50 item questionnaire was used to obtain relevant data from the patients. A total of 332 patients were included, with mean age of 40.15 (± 15.51) years. Most of the patients 329 (99.1%) were aware of HIV/AIDS, however less than half (43.1%) of the patients have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Majority (96.7%) of the patients considered sexual intercourse as the major route of transmission. A large proportion of the patients would not want to engage in any form of contact with HIV/AIDS patients. About 96% of the patients believed that HIV/AIDS is a preventable disease through various methods such as avoidance of needle sharing (79.5%), avoidance of transfusion of unscreened blood (77.4%) among other various methods. Only 64 (19.3%) patients agreed to HIV/AIDS voluntary test and counseling. The main reason for not wanting to be tested among the patients who disagreed is fear of knowing their retroviral status, while 40 (62.5%) out of 64 patients who agreed to voluntary test and counseling will not like to declare their status if positive on account of social stigmatization and community neglect. We thus suggest the need for further enlightenment of the patients in our various clinics most especially in areas of misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission, benefit of voluntary test and declaration of one’s status

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) - one of the major human diseases, which account for a significant portion of all cardiovascular deaths of the world. In spite of recent decrease in cardiovascular mortality, IHD remains the leading cause of death in the developed world. The application of surgical and percutaneous myocardial revascularization promised to be a safe and effective method to control symptoms and to improve prognosis in this disease. However, clinical results do not match these expectations: most revascularized patients remain symptomatic, a large fraction continues to require antianginal medications, and about 10% suffer of either death or myocardial infarction within 2.5 years. In the meanwhile, the clinical variety of IHD is rapidly changing, with a growing prevailing of elderly patients, diabetics, and heart failure patients. Pharmacologic intervention of cardiac energy metabolism, by enhancing the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) via administration of L-arginine, appears as an innovative and attractive addition to treatment of IHD patients.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of EtOH extract of Avicennia officinalis leaves were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteau assay, respectively. IC50 value was 160.92 µg/ml in DPPH assay and total phenolic content was 208.57mg GAE/100 g of dry powder. The sample produced 18.75% and 51.88% (P<0.01) writhing inhibition at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in acetic acid-induced writhing model using Swiss-albino mice. It showed accountable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi in disc diffusion assay. MIC was found to be as 62.5 μg/ml against E. coli and 125 μg/ml against S. typhi. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay LC50 value was found 131.203 µg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of important phytochemicals like carbohydrate, reducing sugar, combined reducing sugar, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, terpenoids and flavonoids which may be responsible for antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxic and accountable antibacterial activity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities of methanol extract of Nymphaea nouchali (Nymphaeaceae) flower (MENN).The antinociceptive activity of MENN was evaluated by heat induced (tail immersion test) and chemical induced pain models (acetic acid-induced writhing). The effect of MENN on central nervous system (CNS) was studied using hole cross test, open field test. MENN showed strong, significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in both acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion test a tall experimental doses (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg). Acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that the extract at the lower dose inhibited59.97% and at the higher dose produced a maximum of 64.75% inhibition of writhing that is comparable to the reference drug Diclofenac Sodium. MENN also showed reduced locomotor activity in both hole cross and both open field tests. So, it is evident that MENN possesse strong antinociceptive activity as well as CNS depressant activity. The results justify the ethnomedicinal use of N. nouchali flower in different painful conditions and CNS disorders

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm of the endothelial cells that commonly occurs in conditions that may lead to severe immunosuppression, e.g. HIV/AIDS, malignancies or use of immune suppressing medications. The development of KS has been linked to infection with an oncogenic virus, the Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8), also known as KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV). Rarely KS also occurs in individuals with no clinical or pathological evidence of immunosuppression as described in the elderly male population of Mediterranean origin, the Ashkenazi Jews and younger population in parts of Central Africa where the oncogenic virus is endemic. Lesions in non AIDS KS are usually localized and typically involve the lower limbs. Widespread and generalized KS occur more in individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS. We describe a case of a HIV negative 51year old Nigerian male who presented with generalized cutaneous KS. Diagnosis was made by a combination of clinical description, imaging studies and histopathology. Clinical presentation of KS ranges from mild (localized cutaneous) to severe (generalized cutaneous and visceral) features. Treatment modalities are available for KS and use of any particular type of treatment depends largely on the distribution of lesions, visceral organ involvement and the presence or absence of immunosuppression. Treatment of KS, particularly cutaneous presentations does not restore the skin to its premorbid state however early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to achieve a significantly improved outcome

Pregnancy in non – communicating rudimentary horn is very rare. Here is a case of 24 year old woman presenting with pain abdomen. After clinical, sonological and MRI scan revealed pregnancy in non – communicating rudimentary horn. Since it is acute abdomen, the patient was operated and excision of the rudimentary horn with pregnancy insitu. Timely intervention saved the woman’s life, thus preventing massive intra peritoneal bleeding secondary to rupture of the pregnant rudimentary horn