Assessment of therapeutic outcomes in hospitalized patients is important for ensuring effective treatment and supporting clinical decision-making. Main objective of the study was to evaluate therapeutic outcomes in hospitalized patients using laboratory and vital parameters, assess drug effectiveness, and identify factors influencing clinical improvement in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A prospective observational study was conducted over six months in the General Medicine department, including 100 patients. Case files data on demographics, diagnosis, prescribed medications, vital signs, and laboratory parameters were collected using a structured form and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Among the patients, 54% were female and 46% were male, with a mean age of 44.3 ± 13.21 years. The most common conditions were renal disorders (17%), acute febrile illness (10%), and diabetes mellitus (9%). Most patients had a hospital stay of 4 days (37%). A total of 452 drugs were prescribed, with antibiotics (17.52%) and proton pump inhibitors (16.5%) being the most frequently used. Laboratory findings showed improvement in haemoglobin, sodium, and potassium levels, while reductions were observed in WBC count and random blood sugar. Vital parameters improved notably in blood pressure and body temperature. The observed improvements in laboratory and vital parameters indicate effective therapeutic management and highlight the importance of continuous monitoring in hospitalized patients. Pharmacist-led monitoring plays a significant role in optimizing therapy, promoting rational drug use, and enhancing patient safety, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes in hospital settings.

Expectant and lactating mothers resort to medicinal plants for it claimed nutritional values, such practices effects on offspring neurodevelopment and cognitive functions are unclear. Hence, this study assessed cognitive function and hippocampus in juvenile rat exposed to aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis (ALEJT) in-utero and postnatal life. Thirty litters were randomly assigned 3 groups (n=10) following dams intake. Control: 20ml/kg of distilled water; In-utero and In-utero+postnatal days 15-21 ALEJT 500mg/kg oral exposure respectively. Cognitive assay after weaning: Novel object recognition task (NORT); Morris water maze (MWM) and T maze; Histological studies: hematoxylin and eosin staining. NORT short term memory; exposed groups index of habituation increased against control. Index of discrimination differed not. Long term memory: Group 3 index of habituation increased (p<0.05) against control, and was positive against other Groups. Exposed groups index of discrimination was negative against control. Group 2 (p<0.05) reduced against control. During MWM acquisition training, day 3 swim latency (SL) was shorter in Group 3 (p< 0.01) against control. During reversal training, day 1 SL was shorter in Group 3 against control (p<0.05) and Group 2 (p<0.01); shorter on day 2 (p<0.05) against Group 2 and on day 3 (p<0.01) against control. During probe trial Group 3 spent time in Northwest quadrant against the retention quadrant (Southwest). Group 3 SL during visible platform was shorter (P<0.01) against control. Percentage alternation differed not. Exposed rats hippocampus showed altered pyramidal cells, with reactive astrocytes present. ALEJT impairs cognitive function with potential injuries to hippocampus of exposed rats.

Background: Older adults with diabetes mellitus frequently require multiple medications because of multimorbidity, increasing the complexity of pharmacotherapy and the risk of drug-related problems (DRPs) and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Systematic identification of inappropriate prescribing is therefore important for improving medication safety in this vulnerable population. Objectives: To identify PIMs among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus using the 2019 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria and to characterize the associated DRPs and their underlying causes using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) Classification V9.1. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted over 6 months in the General Medicine Department of HKES’s Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital, Kalaburagi. Patients aged >65 years with diabetes mellitus who were prescribed at least two medications and fulfilled the predefined eligibility criteria were enrolled. Demographic characteristics, diagnoses, comorbidities, medication profiles and relevant clinical information were recorded using a structured data collection form. PIMs were identified using the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria and the identified PIMs were subsequently classified according to the PCNE V9.1 framework. Results: A total of 120 elderly patients were evaluated. Most patients were aged 65–75 years (101; 84.17%) and were male (72; 60.0%). Diabetes with hypertension was the predominant comorbidity (73; 60.8%). Major polypharmacy (>5 medications) was present in 114 patients (95.0%), with a mean of 11 medications prescribed per patient. A total of 218 PIMs were identified. The largest Beers category was drug–disease/drug–syndrome interactions (56; 25.7%), followed by medications to be avoided (50; 22.9%), renal impairment-related criteria (42; 19.3%), medications to be used with caution (37; 17.0%) and clinically important drug–drug interactions (33; 15.1%). Glimepiride (18), nifedipine (12), insulin (9), paroxetine (22), canagliflozin (15), tramadol (9) and levetiracetam (19) were among the frequently identified agents across the respective Beers categories. Drug selection was the principal PCNE cause domain, accounting for 192 DRPs (88.9%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated a substantial burden of PIMs and medication-related safety concerns among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, occurring in the setting of extensive polypharmacy and multimorbidity. Systematic medication review using explicit prescribing criteria, renal and dose assessment, and structured DRP classification may facilitate earlier identification of potentially harmful prescribing patterns. Integration of clinical pharmacists into multidisciplinary medication-review processes may further support individualized and safer pharmacotherapy.