Digital Smile Design [DSD] has transformed esthetic dentistry by integrating digital technology, facial analysis, and restorative planning to improve treatment predictability and patient satisfaction. Conventional smile design techniques often lacked precision, reproducibility, and effective communication. The development of DSD has addressed these limitations through the use of digital photography, intraoral scanning, CAD-CAM systems, virtual simulations, and artificial intelligence. This review discusses the evolution, principles, technological foundations, clinical workflow, applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of DSD. The technology has enhanced interdisciplinary treatment planning in esthetic rehabilitation, orthodontics, implant dentistry, and full-mouth reconstruction while improving patient communication and diagnostic accuracy. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and cloud-based workflows are expected to further expand its role in personalized dentistry. Despite its advantages, challenges including high costs, technical complexity, and the need for long-term clinical validation remain. Overall, DSD represents a significant advancement toward a more precise, patient-centered, and digitally driven approach in modern esthetic dentistry.

Background: The oral approach to medication administration remains highly preferred due to its convenience and improved patient compliance compared to parenteral methods. Oral controlled-delivery systems maintain consistent therapeutic drug levels, thereby maximizing safety and reducing side effects. Among these, matrix sustained-release tablets are highly favored for their manufacturing simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to dose dumping. Objective: This research aimed to develop and optimize sustained-release matrix tablets of Diltiazem Hydrochloride—a calcium channel blocker for hypertension and angina characterized by a short elimination half-life (3.5 hours) and low bioavailability (30–40%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism—using the natural biopolymers Tamarind gum and Cassia roxburghii gum as release modifiers. Methods: Preformulation Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to evaluate drug-polymer compatibility. Powder blends were characterized for flow properties prior to compression. The formulated tablets were evaluated for physical parameters per official Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) standards, alongside in-vitro dissolution testing. Results: FTIR spectra revealed no chemical interactions between the drug and the natural gums. The powder blends exhibited favorable flow properties, with an angle of repose between 25° and 33° and a Carr's Index ranging from 9.0 to 19.0. All compressed tablets met IP specifications for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation, DH13, successfully prolonged drug release, achieving a maximum dissolution of 99.94% at 12 hours. Kinetic modeling indicated that the release mechanism strictly adhered to the Higuchi model, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.980). Furthermore, accelerated stability testing (40 °C±2°C 75 ± 5%) of the optimized DH13 batch over 30 days showed no significant changes in physical appearance, chemical content, or dissolution profiles. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the optimized natural polymer-based matrix tablet (DH13) provides a robust, stable, and highly reproducible 12-hour sustained-release profile suitable for the effective oral administration of Diltiazem Hydrochloride.

Background: Many of the vivid colours found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and even tea are caused by interesting natural substances called flavonoids. Because they appear to provide mild, protective effects that assist our systems in daily ways, these plant-made compounds have become a hot issue in research and health. Flavonoids shield plants from oxidative stress, illnesses, UV rays, and herbivores. E. neriifolia, or Euphorbia neriifolia. There are several ethnomedical applications for E. neriifolia. In addition to treating whooping cough, gonorrhea, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, tumors, bladder stones, gastrointestinal issues, and leucoderma, the latex of E. neriifolia is used as a laxative, purgative, rubefacient, carminative, and expectorant. Brittle, hot, carminative, and useful for treating bronchial infections, tumors, aches, inflammations, and stomach swellings, leaves also improve appetite. The goal of the current study was to identify and isolate the unique flavonoid found in Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Methodology: Extracts showing presence of flavonoids will be subjected to column chromatography for further separation of individual compounds. Further characterization of isolated compound was carried out by chromatographic and spectral analysis. Result: Based on current finding the compound C1 was identified as quercetin, a flavanol compound containing phenolic hydroxyl group and conjugated aromatic rings. Conclusion: The present study successfully isolated and characterized flavonoid compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia using chromatographic and spectral techniques.

Background: Burnout has emerged as a critical occupational health crisis among healthcare professionals worldwide, with potentially severe consequences for patient safety, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. In Saudi Arabia, rapid healthcare expansion under Vision 2030 has created unprecedented workforce demands, yet the true burden of burnout across the healthcare workforce remains incompletely characterized. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of burnout among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library for studies published between 2023 and 2026. Studies were included if they employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs, assessed burnout using validated instruments, and focused on licensed healthcare professionals practicing in Saudi Arabia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. Results: Twenty-four cross-sectional studies comprising diverse healthcare professional groups were included. Alarmingly high burnout prevalence rates were documented, ranging from 56% among postgraduate trainees to 86% among emergency physicians, with community pharmacists reporting 83.6% personal burnout and respiratory therapists demonstrating 98% depersonalization rates. Consistently identified risk factors included prolonged working hours (>36-40 hours/week), night shifts, younger age, female gender, workplace harassment (aOR 1.57), discrimination (aOR 1.60), sales pressure among pharmacists (β=0.312), anxiety (OR 5.784), and low self-efficacy (OR 6.625). Protective factors included resilience (β=0.73), emotional intelligence (r=-0.41 to -0.33), job satisfaction, and supportive work environments. Most studies were rated as moderate (n=12) or low (n=8) risk of bias, with four studies rated as high risk. Conclusion: Burnout represents a significant and potentially escalating public health crisis among Saudi Arabian healthcare providers, with prevalence rates substantially exceeding global averages. Urgent multilevel interventions addressing both individual resilience and organizational reform are essential to protect healthcare worker well-being, ensure patient safety, and achieve the healthcare transformation goals of Saudi Vision 2030.