Coronavirus disease caused by SARS – CoV–2, is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Knowledge and awareness about risk factors, symptoms, screening methods and therapeutic methods reduces the mortality and morbidity. To determine the knowledge, awareness and attitude about COVID–19 in urban and rural areas of north Karnataka. A prospective questionnaire survey was conducted for a period of six months in urban and rural areas of north Karnataka, with a sample size of 316. All above 18 years and above were included in the study. Data from the questionnaire was analysed using appropriate statistical tools. Out of 316 participants, 40% were 21 – 30 age of participants compared to other age groups, 52.8% of participants were under higher secondary and above educational status, 52.4% participants were found to be allergic and 45.6% are non- allergic, 65.5% are from urban and 34.5% from rural, 69.9% individuals were attending educational programmes, 58.9% were employed. Almost 73.1% were considered to have knowledge about curability of Covid-19. 73.7% had knowledge about pneumonias a risk factor of Covid-19.71.8% had knowledge about common symptom dry cough as a Covid-19. 74.1% had knowledge about immune boosting as a preventive measure of Covid-19.The knowledge and level of awareness is seen in most of the participants. There is need of developing effective interventional programmes to educate people about Covid-19. These will promote better outcome.

Most people consuming alcohol, weather in moderate or large quantities also take medications which may be a prescription based medicine or a over the counter medications at least occasionally causing serious possible interactions. The aim of our study was to characterize the adverse outcomes associated with alcohol and alcohol interacting medications in patients. A questionnaire survey was conducted for a period of six months in Urban health centre with a sample size of 500. All adult and older adults male patients taking alcohol who were on medication for chronic conditions and male Patients who are of age between 30-75 years were included in the study. Data I0IOthe questionnaire was analyzed using appropriate statical tools. POSAMINO criteria was used to assess the potential alcohol drug interactions. In the study population, 40.8% of participants belonged to age group of 41-50. Majority of 60% participants were consuming alcohol weekly 60% of the study participants were consuming alcohol since past 5-10 years. Sixty percent of the participants do not miss there dose after consumption of alcohol. Almost 60% of the participants were not injured after consumption of alcohol. twenty percent of the participants were having potential alcohol drug interactions with anti diabetics drugs were as 20% of the participants were having potential alcohol drug interactions with anti hypertensive drugs, Our study found considerable alcohol- medication interaction. There is a need for educating the people regarding stopping of alcohol consumption while on medications.

A common problem observed in patient safety is the lack of accurate and complete information about medications in regular use during transfers of care between different health facilities. In view of this, medication reconciliation is postulated as a barrier to reducing medication discrepancies and consequently medication errors. This project aims to evaluate the implementation of safe clinical practices conducted by clinical pharmacists. To this end, we will conduct a standardized process to obtain the best possible medication history (BPMH); assessment of the patient's level of understanding of pre-admission therapy; quantification, classification and analysis of discrepancies of unintentional drugs at hospital admission; effect of interventions conducted by clinical pharmacists and impact on patient safety. This prospective, pilot, descriptive, interventional and single-center study will be carried out in the Clinical Pharmacy Department of a large hospital in the state of São Paulo. In order to standardize the process of data collection and reconciliation of prescription drugs, the interview with the patient will be carried out using an adapted and modified form. After collecting information in the structured interview, clinical pharmacists will identify, analyze and classify possible discrepancies. All unintentional discrepancies found without any clinical justification will be considered medication errors. Finally, the degree of impact of each drug discrepancy will be defined as: clinically insignificant; clinically significant; serious and life-threatening.

Background: In children, femoral shaft fractures are usually treated by initial performance and durability for 3 to 4 weeks, followed by an additional period of immobilization in a hip spica cast until union occurs. However, such treatment would involve prolonged hospital stays, thereby increasing the cost and occupancy of hospital beds. Early hip spica cast application of femoral shaft fractures in children is a valuable alternative to the traditional treatment method. It allows for a short hospital stay, thereby avoiding all the problems associated with prolonged hospitalization. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 20 patients. Multicentered based non-randomized evaluations were performed in Modernized District Hospital, Joypurhat, and Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to April 2022. With femur shaft fractures over two years. All the children of both sexes from 2 to 12 years of age with fractures shaft of the femur presented within day one of injury. Follow-up was done in OPD for up to 6 months. The functional result was assessed according to Flynn’s scoring criteria. Results: The mean age of the patient was 5.65 years, ranging from 2 to 12 years. The male-female ratio was 3:1. The mean duration of hospital stay was 4.1 days. Radiological union in all cases was achieved in a mean time of 7.65 weeks. Full weight-bearing was possible in a mean time of 10.07 weeks. The result was excellent in sixteen patients (80%), successful in two (10%), and poor in two patients (10%). Conclusions: Early spica cast is a simple, effective, and definite treatment method with minimal complications and acceptable results in the pediatric age group.

Introduction: Beta-thalassemia is thought to be the most common genetic blood condition in the world. Different kinds of Beta-thalassemia major have been shown to have lipid problems. The goal of this study is to evaluate the lipid profiles of beta-thalassemia major patients. The aim of the study was to study the association of dyslipidemia with serum ferritin levels and amount of blood transfusion among Beta thalassemia patients. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine and Hematology, Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. The study duration was 6 months, from January 2017 to July 2017. The targeted study sample size was 96, but due to the short duration of the study, a total of 40 patients were selected as the study population. Result: Hematological tests showed the mean hemoglobin level in the thalassemia group was 7.23 gm/dl, with a standard deviation of 1.23. Mean MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the thalassaemic group were significantly lower at 69.83 fl (SD8.34), 23.10 PGM (SD3.57), and 28.03 % (SD 2.58) compared to the normal range (P-value <0.001 in all parameters). Beta-thalassemia major patients had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p<0.001) compared to the normal range. However, serum triglycerides levels of Beta-thalassemia patients (211.5±31.54 mg/dl) were significantly higher [p-value < 0.001].But total cholesterol level was not statically significant among participants ( P-value 0.428). High levels of serum triglycerides were associated with high ferritin levels and an increased amount of blood transfusion. Low levels of HDL-C and LDL-C were associated with a high level of ferritin and an increased amount of blood transfusion. Conclusion: Our study revealed that there was a significant difference in various lipid levels between patients with beta-thalassemia major and normal values which may help physicians to design the therapeutic module for the treatment of such patients.

Background: COVID-19 is one of the emerged pandemics that threaten the globe. On the other hand, cannabis smoking is considered one of the risk factors for increased incidence of lung infection, and hence covid-19 infection. Aim: Investigation of potential interactions between covid-19 therapeutic agents and cannabis addiction associated with changes in both or either of therapeutic safety and efficacy. Besides, the effect of cannabis smoking addiction on covid-19 incidence and severity. Discussion: Different studies indicated the effect of cannabis components on the metabolic rate by induction or inhibition of several metabolic pathways. Different drugs used in covid-19 management are either substrates or inhibitors for those metabolic pathways. The final result could be a bidirectional interaction between tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and those drugs used in COVID-19 management. Side effects of elevated levels of both tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or drug therapeutic agents may occur. Studies showed that cannabis smoking is acting as a risk factor for elevated incidence for pulmonary tract infection and so covid-19 infection. Conclusion: Caution should be taken in consideration, and addiction screening for COVID-19 patients should be performed before starting therapeutic regimen to avoid any possible undesirable effects during treatment and to predict patients response to therapeutic measures applied and disease severity.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. Additionally, exacerbations and co-existing morbidities contribute to the overall severity in the individual patient [1, 3]. Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises the risk for heart disease and other health problems such as, diabetes and stroke. It is present in almost 57% of COPD patients [2]. This is a prospective observational study included 50 patients admitted in chest ward of Sri Ramachandra hospital with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, According to guidelines from the national heart, lung, and blood pressure (NHLBI) and the American heart association(AHA), metabolic syndrome is diagnosed, COPD staging with PFT. Each patient was included only once in the study. On admission each patients history was taken regarding occupation, smoking, medication (Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators), number of years of treatment, number of acute exacerbation and number of hospital admission in last year were recorded and tabulated. Height, Weight, BMI, Pulse rate, Respiratory rate and blood pressure, ABG, lipid profile, 6minute walk test, mid arm, mid-thigh and waist circumference were recorded and sent for statistical analysis. Result showed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study was 62% and was associated with severe airflow obstruction and low 6 minute walk distance. Coexisting comorbidities also more frequent in these patients.

Introduction: The solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare disorder of the rectal wall and its course is chronic but always benign. The therapeutic management of SRUS remains a challenge and relies on a multidisciplinary management. The objective of our study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics of SRUS in a Moroccan series. Materials and Methods: This is a monocentric descriptive retrospective study including all patients with SRUS in the Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology and Proctology "Médicine B" of the Ibn Sina University Hospital, over a period from January 2000 to August 2021. Results: A total of 26 patients were included with a mean age of 45 years [15-70 years] and a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.6. The most frequent clinical symptomatology was rectal bleeding found in all patients (100%), followed by anorectal pain (84.6%), bloody mucus evacuations (73.1%), chronic constipation (38.5%) and rectal prolapse in 34.6% of the patients at the proctologic examination. The low endoscopic exploration had detected mainly a single ulceration with clean bottom (50%), multiple ulcerations (20%) and a pseudo-polypoid aspect (15.4%). Histological examination of the biopsies taken from the ulceration and the periphery confirmed the diagnosis by showing the typical histological aspect of SRUS. The majority of our patients (77%) underwent anorectal manometry, which revealed anorectal dyssynergia and sphincter tone abnormalities. The therapeutic management was based on medical treatment in all patients, defecation rehabilitation "biofeedback" (53.8%) and surgical approach was considered in 19.2% of cases. Conclusion: The SRUS is an entity defined by its endoscopic and histological aspect, manifesting itself mainly by rectal bleeding. Recto-sigmoidoscopy and histology are the key to diagnosis. Treatment is primarily medical. Surgical treatment is indicated in case of failure of medical treatment or in case of occurrence of complications.