There is a large variety in prevalence, clinicopathological features and management of lupus nephritis (LN) between patients worldwide. Data from North Africa are extremely lack, particularly from Morocco. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe clinicopathological features as well as treatment and outcome of patients with biopsy proven LN in a region of Morocco. A total of 54 patients were included between January 2008 and December 2018. LN was classified according to the International society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society. The mean age of the patients was 28+/-11, 76; female gender was preponderant (91%). At first presentation, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria and renal failure were observed in 74%, 74%, 83% and 48% respectively. Renal biopsy performed in all patients revealed proliferative classes in 76%. Conservatively treatment was adopted in all patients. 61% of patients with joint and mucocutaneous manifestations received antimalarial drug. All patients with proliferative classes received immunosuppressive regimens based on either intravenous cyclophosphamide (43%) or oral mycophenolate mofetil (33%). At 6 months, remission was achieved in 85%, end stage renal disease in 4% and death in 6%. Adverse events due to immunosuppressive drugs were mostly dominated by infections (41%), leukopenia (20%) gastrointestinal symptoms (31%) and gonadal toxicity (24%). From our view, the outcome of Moroccan patients with LN may be better than commonly thought. However, disparities seen from several studies in our country can be assigned to the precariousness of health system and the low socioeconomic level of population.

Antibiotic therapy is crucial in the effective management of infectious diseases and its irrational use is a major risk factor for the development of drug-resistant organisms. An early switch from Intravenous to Oral antibiotic therapy could be one of the factors that influence the Length of Hospital Stay and increase the treatment cost. The aim of the study was to evaluate the practice of Intravenous to oral antibiotic conversion and its impact on patient care and clinical outcome at a tertiary care Hospital. A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months. Patient demographic details, medical & medication history, diagnosis, drug administration, conversion day & time, microbiological reports, discharge summaries were collected from case sheets. Day of therapy, duration of Intravenous & oral antibiotic therapy, Length of Hospital Stay were calculated &compared. Results reveal that 68.25% were converted from IV to oral while 31.75% were not converted. Since we got a high number of converted cases, therefore, the days of therapy (68.68%), length of hospital stay (62.21%), duration of IV therapy (60.63%) were increased for converted groups than the not converted group. Calculated estimated cost (Rs.471.59) for the treatment shown increased for the not converted group. Early conversion of IV to oral in patients with at least 24 hours of IV therapy can shorten the duration of IV therapy and reduce treatment costs without altering the outcome of treatment.

In India, hyperthyroidism accounts for 5 per 10,000. The seriousness of thyroid disorders should not be underestimated as thyroid storm, thyrotoxicosis and myxedema coma can lead to death in a significant number of cases. In this study, 50 female patients of above 18-year-old were included in the study (Pre- and Post-menopausal), whereas patients who have undergone radioactive ablation and thyroidectomy were excluded. Blood samples were collected and thyroid tests like TSH, T3, T4 were performed by the method of chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Complete Blood Count (CBC) is performed to check the values of Hb, RBC, WBC, Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil, Platelet, Lymphocyte. Liver function tests like SGOT and SGPT were performed to find whether carbimazole induces any liver damage. Thyroid tests and CBC values were noted down at the time of diagnosis and during the course of treatment. Out of 50 hyperthyroidism patients, 2 patients (%) experienced Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis. According to a study done by Davies [6] Carbimazole shows rare adverse effects like neutropenia and agranulocytosis. In our study, 2 patients (6.8%) experienced neutropenia and agranulocytosis. They have symptoms like blisters in mouth and fever. When their CBC were done, it was found that their neutrophil count and WBC has reduced. When neutrophil count is reduced, body’s ability to fight off foreign body reduces and it ensures easy attack by micro-organism.