In this Study, takes 219 milk samples (110 from cows and 109 from buffaloes) were screened for mastitis first with California mastitis Test (CMT) and risen cultural sensitivity test (CST) was performed on alt the positive samples from different villages of Banda Districts of Utter Pradesh in different seasons of the year. Data was analysed and overall animal season wise prevalence of mastitis was observed. Higher prevalence was observed in winter season in cows (27.52%) and in rainy season in buffaloes (33.94%) followed by winter season in cows and buffalos respectively. Antibiogram study was also done on all the samples and Enrofloxacin was found to be most sensitive antibiotic followed by Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone.

Unsustainable agricultural practices pose a serious threat to the integrity of landscapes and availability of soil mineral nutrients to plants. The phenomenon is compounded by changing global climatic conditions. This paper examines the potential role of agroforestry in mitigating changes due to undesirable human behaviour in the once forest dominated western highlands of Cameroon. Data were elicited from existing literature on agroforestry, landscape management, forestry, and subsistence agriculture. Findings lend credence to the fact that agroforestry systems constitute a promising option for maintaining the stability of landscapes and soils that are subjected to human activity. Aside from the major systems namely agro-silviculture, silvo-pastoral, and agro-silvopastoral, there exist other agroforestry categories like aquaforestry, apiculture, and sericulture. Living fences, alley cropping, improved fallow, shelter belts, home gardens, and scattered trees on croplands were highlighted to be suitable agroforestry practices for the western highlands region of Cameroon.

The world has experienced major deadly pandemic which proved bruatual killer of various intensities such as Antonine flue in 168 AD, than Black Fever, Cholera Asian/Russian flue, HIV/AIDS. Now recently in Dec. 2019 a noval coronavirus called as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) emerged in the Wuhan City of China, and rapidly spreaded worldwide, and on March 11, 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) decleared COVID-19 a world pandemic. As no vaccine or drug is available to eradicate the virus, and as such researchers and scientist of different countries are in the race of preparation of vaccine to eradicate this pandemic and experimenting with drugs and therapies to help ease the strain on hospitals and intensive care units. Some drugs that are indicated for other afflictions seems to be potentially beneficial to treat the infection albeit without unequivocal evidences. Thus the present article is compared with the objective to review the published literature on the effectiveness of these drugs against COVID-19 which is need of honour.

Adolescent is a transitional phase between childhood and adulthood characterized by marked acceleration in growth. Undernutrition is one of the major problems especially among the tribal adolescent boys and it has been least studied. Hence, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of socio-economic and demographic aspects with BMI and prevalence of thinness (low BMI for age) among the tribal adolescent boys. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 370 tribal adolescent boys, aged 10-17 years from Kharagpur Community Development Block II, West Midnapore, and West Bengal, India. Assessment of nutritional status as measured by thinness (Low BMI for age) was done following age and sex specific internationally accepted standard cut offs as proposed by Cole and others (2007). Linear regression was applied to evaluate the dependence of BMI on various socio-economic factors of the participants. The overall prevalence of thinness was 51.6%. When age specific prevalence are taken into account, the highest (63.6%) prevalence was found among the participants of the age group of 10 years, followed by age group 11 (61.9%) and lowest in case of 16 years (40.0%). 1.6% boys were overweight or obese. Fathers’ education, fathers’ and mothers’ occupation as well as family type were significant (p < 0.05) factors which influenced their BMI. These tribal adolescent boys were experiencing severe nutritional stress as evidenced by a very high prevalence of thinness. Appropriate and effective

Poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder prevailing among women of reproductive age, specifically high in teenage girls and has become the most accepted cause of menstrual irregularities and infertility among them. In a study by Parthap et al., 2018, at Department of Gynaecology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupanada variyer Medical College, Salem, India, it was found that, there were 100 patients who had confirmed diagnosis of PCOS. It has also been observed that medication create side effects in young women. Therefore, it was thought to explore an alternative approach for disease detection, prevention or treatment for PCOS with the help of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is an expanding field of science involving biology, computer science and mathematics. It is growing in every field of life science including molecular sciences, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture and more. Genetic information stored in the bioinformatics tools can be used to develop personal medicine. In an another study, it is said that although the genetics and mechanism of PCOS are not yet understood, the computational tools may be helpful in finding the cause of this syndrome and this will also help in prevention of the disease. In the present study, the gene and genome sequences responsible for causing PCOS have been identified using bioinformatics tools like BLAST, PDB, NCBI. This will help to prevent the disease by genetic manipulations. Finally, the primers have been designed using primer designing tools in NCBI which can be further used for the treatment of the disease by manipulating the identified gene through polymerase chain reaction.

A study was carried out on forty four problem breeder cows to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of GnRH and PGF2α for estrus induction response, time elapsed between treatment to estrus induction interval and conception rate and its effect on biochemical profile. Thirteen true anestrus cows were treated with GnRH (Inj. Receptal, 2.5 ml, IM, once), twenty three subestrus cows were treated with PGF2α (PGF2α, Inj. Estrumet, 2 ml, IM, once) and eight animals kept as untreated anestrus control. The estrus induction response, treatment to estrus induction interval, overall conception rate and service per conception in GnRH treated, PGF2α treated and positive control cows were 84.62%, 28.27±6.46 days, 72.73%, 3.13; 91.30%, 3.52±0.46 days, 71.43%, 2.53 and 50%, 48.25±10.8 days, 50%, 3.5 respectively. The plasma P4 level was significantly lower in all three groups as compared to other two periodic values (d-0 & d-20-22 post AI) which were due to luteal demise. The mean serum total protein was significantly (p<0.05) lower in untreated anestrus (8.57±0.36 g/dl) as compared to GnRH (9.75±0.28 g/dl) and PGF2α (9.62±0.31 g/dl) treated cows. However, Total cholesterol was numerically lowest in control cows than those of treated contemporaries but did not differ significantly (168.22±17.22; 208.46±14.71; 163.84±10.64 mg/dl; in GnRH, PGF2α and control group respectively, p<0.05). The Macro (Ca, P and Mg) and micro minerals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, and Mn) did not differ significantly among different groups. In conclusion, anestrus and subestrus cows can be well managed with GnRH and PGF2α therapy. The normal hormonal and biochemical milieu is essential for normal functioning of reproductive system.

Vitamin is an organic molecule or chemical compounds that is an important micronutrient which is required to act properly in limited amounts for the digestion of the organism. Vitamins are either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Many vitamins do not exist in individual molecules, but belong to similar classes known as vitamers. The multiple functions of vitamin A are essential for growth and development, immune system maintenance and good vision. This vitamin is essential for proper vision by incorporating retinal molecules that absorb light and work during dim light and color differentiation. Due to the unusual role of the retinal as a visual chromophore, vision loss, especially in reduced light. Vitamin D belongs to a class of fat-soluble secosteroids that enhance the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate by the lower intestine and other biological effects. Diet vitamin D is biologically inactive or derived from the synthesis of the skin. Vitamin D controls calcium homeostasis and its metabolism. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that inhibits reactive oxygen species from cell membrane protection. Several biological roles have been postulated, including a fat-soluble antioxidant. Vitamin E serves as a radical scavenger and supplies free radicals with hydrogen (H) atoms. Vitamin K refers to fat-soluble vitamins present in fruit and sold for structurally similar dietary products. For the modulation of certain blood-coagulation proteins or the control of calcium binding in bones and other tissues, the human body requires vitamin K.